RADIOLOGICAL CLEANUP OF ENEWETAK ATOLL potential use of the item by the dri-Enewetak and took into account d criteria established by the TTPI and DNA. This volume also containe and cleanup, ion, construct camp base proposals for mobilization, work demobilization, using contractor forces. Cost estimates and cleanup both for DNA by d furnishe s standard ary prelimin estimates were based on criteria ogical nonradiol The cleanup. ogical radiological and nonradiol served as a basis for future plans and muchofthe actual cleanup. The the radiological criteria were changed many times before that part of we ee ee 70 estimated cost (in 1972 dollars) for cleanup, including dumping contaminated debris in the Runit craters and spreading 62,000 cubic yards r of clean soil on Enjebi, was $28.8 million using foreign contracto personnel and $18.4 million using military troops. Options added $1.4 | its million for ocean dumping of contaminated material or $4.3 million for return to the United States.34 EIS, Before the Engineering Study data could be incorporated in an AEC’s and plans more information was required on DO!’s rebabilitation radiological cleanup criteria. ENEWETARRADIOLUUICAL SURPETOCTOBER 1972-OCTOBER 1973 , and On 13 September 1972, AEC-NV was directed to plan, organize total the on data nt sufficie develop to survey conduct a radiological field radiological environment of Enewetak Atoll to: (1) locate and identify - ae ee oe me we ee provide data for guiding the cleanup.3’? The major dose pathways considered were: (1) external radiation; and (2) internal radiation from ee eeee States (CONUS) for storage.33 contaminated and radiologically activated test debris; (2) locate and evaluate any significant radiological hazards which could complicate cleanup activities; and (3) identify sources of direct radiation and food- 1972, and final samples were taken on 14 February 1973.36 The scope and plan of the survey were influenced by measurements which had been made during the preliminary cursory surveys in 1971 and 1972, by review of historical records pertaining to nuclear testing at Enewetak Atoll, and by comparisons with the 1969 cleanup of Bikini Atoll. The survey goals were to provide all the data needed for ranking the relative importance of radionuclides and pathways leading to dose and to The Engineering Study described several options for disposition of contamination, none of which were adopted, but which continued to be proposed as alternatives in subsequent planning conferences. These included: _ a. Covering contaminated soil with a blanket of clean soil. b. Dumping contaminated debris in the craters on Runit. Volume IJ was an assembly of large maps of each ofthe islands. Each map showedthe location of each structure, item of construction, junk pile, concrete strip, and test station, as well as stands of vegetation and other natural features. Also shown were such items of radiological interest as ve contaminated burial areas, contaminated scrap piles, and other radioacti debris. VolumeIII contained detailed and summary cost estimates. The total 71 chain-to-man paths having radiological implications.35 The Enewetak Radiological Survey began at Enewetak on 16 October cleanup could begin.32 c. Dumping contaminated debris andsoil in the lagoon. d. Dumping contaminated debris and soil in the ocean. e. Shipping contaminated debris and soil to the continental United Planning and Programming ingestion of terrestrial foods and water, ingestion of marine foods, and inhalation ofair. The survey required a radiological safety plan only for the sampling program on the northern portion of Runit.38 A radiation exclusion area was established there, and complete radiation safety controls (protective clothing, bioassays, etc.) were in effect continuously. Radiation safety requirements for other areas of the atoll were limited to personnel dosimeters and checks for external gammaradiation during sampling efforts on northern islands.3? All samples packaged for transport to Enewetak Island and then off the atoll were monitored and determined to be free from external contamination. Data for assessing external radiation doses were obtained from dosimeters placed at fixed locations throughout the atoll for extended periods and from portable radiation survey meters used in radiation _ detectors suspended from a helicopter. Measurements were for gamma radiation only. The aerial in situ measurements were considered valuable for reducing the possibility of missing any contaminated areas and for increasing efficiency of the survey. Areas identified us ‘‘clean’’ from the air did not require survey from the ground.49 The aerial and ground measurements were in excellent agreement.4! Key products of the aerial survey, in addition to gamma radiation measurements, were highresolution photographs of each island and adjacent reef. These proved useful for orientation of ground surveyors and for displaying results in the ital survey TeDoOlt. There were limited terrestrial foods available for sampling. Although coconuts are the staple food of the dri-Enewetak, very few coconut trees were growing al Enewetak Atoll. Therefore, only 23 coconut (meat) samples were obtained during the initial survey. An additional six samples, including coconut meat and milk, were obtained in July 1973, and their