analyses were included in the survey report.42 Secondary foods such as pandanus, breadfruit, and arrowroot were even less plentiful. Therefore, the survey sampled the wild, inedible plants which were available. e.g., Messershmidia and Scaevola. Since there were no domestic animals at ee RADIOLOGICAL CLEANUP OF ENEWEILAK ALOLL we eee 72 Enewetak, the survey included extensive sampling of rats as an for drinking water,43 no such samples from these sources were taken. (A Island. No radioactivity was in the water, but two samples of sludge from the plant showed positive strontium-90 and plutonium-239. The high the rainy season.°4 The Enewetak Radiological Survey is reported in a three-volume plutonium-239 value was 56 pico curies per gram, pCi/g.).44 Since most of the edible plants which would be consumed by the dri- document identified as NVO-140, October 1973. The principal portion is Volume I, which describes the survey, summarizes data, and presents dose estimates based on various combinations of contamination removal Enewetak after resettlement were not growing at Enewetak Atoll at the time of the survey, the major terrestrial sampling effort involved soil. Expectations were that, with an understanding of the amount of radioactivity in the soil, estimates could be made of the amount of radioactivity in plants when grown in that soil. Soil samples were collected from random locations on the surface (top 15 cm) of each island at a frequency which averaged about 1.5 samples per hectare. Sampling locations were estimated relative to landmarks, as engineering surveyors were not available. Profile samples, extending to depths of [.8 meters, were taken at a frequency averaging about 0.2 samples per hectare. The radiological exclusion area on Runit was much more intensely covered. Profile samples were taken at each location on a uniform grid. The marine sampling program concentrated on fish which are (cleanup) and lifestyle. Volumes II and III display terrestrial surface sample analyses at their respective sampling locations on aerial photographs and profile analyses on semilogarithmic plots (concentration as a function of sample depth). Volume III also contains an attached envelope of microfiche cards which show concentrations (or upper limits) andrelative errors for analysis results of all samples processed during the survey. The dose estimates in NVO-I40 were of fundamental importance, as they established the framework for subsequent cleanup and rehabilitation planning. The estimates were designed around six ‘“‘living patterns,’ each of which included a specific location in the atoll, where ‘“‘living’’ allowed for residence, agriculture, fishing, or visiting. The locations considered for residence were limited to the two largest southern islands (Enewetak and Laboratory (LLL), and then samples were analyzed radiochemically for radionuclides which are not amenable to gammaspectral analysis. These later analyses were conducted at a number of commercial and governmentallaboratories. Quality control of these laboratories consisted a ae me commonly eaten by the Marshallese. This includes the reef and bottom | over the course of the analytical program.48.49 specific guidance, some monitors identified debris as noncontaminated while others recorded actual readings no matter how low.)53 Alpha radiation monitoring was not feasible, as the survey was performed during water sample was taken from the distillation plant on Enewetak (Fred) the program was interrupted by Typhoon Olga on 23 October 1972. Following the typhoon, samples were collected for 3 weeks. Samplers included low- and ultra-high-volume types, as well as a particle spectrometer. The samplers were operatedat six locations on five islands. Samples were processedinitially at Enewetak (scanned, homogenized, packaged. etc.) and then returned to CONUSfor analysis.47 A gamma spectral analysis was made on each sample at the Lawrence Livermore of interlaboratory analyses of fractions (aliquots) from common samples debris.5° The debris sampled was that which wasvisible and accessible.5! One gammaexposure rate was reported for each item.52 (In the absence of estimates. Although survey plans included the sampling of wells and rain from the lagoon and from water-filled craters were also taken. Air sampling was limited.46 Samples hadbeen collected for 5 days when /3 The survey included debris monitoring primarily for estimating cleanup requirements: the results would not be needed for dose estimates if the debris was to be removed during cleanup. Debris sampling was carried out on ten islands which were considered most likely to contain contaminated alternative. Wild birds, bird eggs, crabs, and turtles were also part of the sampling effort, to provide data for terrestrial food ingestion dose (lagoon) feeders as well as pelagic species. Approximately 800 samples of fish and other marine life were obtained.45 Sediment and water samples Planning and Programming Medren), the largest northern island (Enjebi), and Bokombako (Belle). The latter island was included to provide an example which would lead to highest dose estimates, not necessarily to represent an island where people desired to reside. Agricultural locations considered were limited to a group of southeast islands, a group of northeast islands, Enjebi, and Bokombako. The entire lagoon was available for fishing; and visits were allowed to various groups of islands. Runit was not considered in NVO-I40 as available for any function for any living pattern. Dose was estimated for each function at t Ww i doses were added to give overall doses for a living pattern. In adding the doses, components were weighted according to amount of time assumed for each function. External dose estimates for the various allowed locations were determined using exposure rates measured by the aerial survey. An