responsibilities for results were agreements on planning actions and basic the cleanup and rehabilitation efforts as follows: , the monitoring @ DOD would fund the precleanup engineering survey to insure the and ions operat p cleanu t suppor and surveys required to the actual and p; cleanu the in ed involv safety of personnel ee eee ee RADIOLOGICAL CLEANUP OF ENEWETAK ATOLL ~~ 68 t Manager.26 The forma that the Director, DNA be designated as Projec mber 1972. It contained Nove 30 on designation was made by the JCS Secretary of Defense, specific guidance and authorizations from the of Defense in planning tary Secre the including: (1) authorization to act for ding ing the project, inclu and—if approval was granted—in accomplish t of agreements with opmen devel and ies direct liaison with other agenc the Chairman, JCS informed them; (2) direction to keep the Secretary and of the project, specifically throughout the planning and execution rt; (3) tasking on including any requirements for military service suppo (EIS), and (4) preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement up or executing the clean guidance to not commit the DOD to financing ed.2? Formal funding project until further funding guidance was receiv gement and Budget Mana of the Office guidance was not received from (OMB) until October 1973, almost a year later.28 conduct and support of DNAand AECformalized the agreement on the mber 1972, about 2 Dece 8 on ys the radiological and engineering surve months after the surveys began. ENEWETAK ENGINEERING SURVEY: OCTOBER 1972-APRIL 1973 to conduct the DNA contracted with Holmes & Narver, Inc. (HI&N) in an engineering survey of Enewetak Atoll and provide the results and cost estimates for engineering study, t o include recommendations _ © DOI would fund the rehabilitation work.?° formally advised the On 14 November 1972, the Secretary of [Defense up and requested clean for ties sibili Chairman of the JCS of DOD’s respon l 69 cleanup of the atoll. H&N was selected because of their long experience in providing technical and logistics support at Enewetak during the nuclear test period and because the firm had a large repository of data and maps pertinent to the locations and effects of the tests.2? The Enewetak Engineering Survey began on 12 October 1972. Field work the AEC radiological survey team. They used motor launches for transportation across the lagoon and rubber rafts to travel from the launches across the shallow reefs to most of the islands. The H&N teams’ first effort on each island was to locate the buildings and other facilities shown on maps from the nuclear testing era. Then they recorded each object's present condition and their recommendations for its disposition. When all previously recorded objects had been accountedfor, each island was resurveyed to assure that any other hazardous objects had been located and recorded for the survey report. Vegetation was so dense on some islands that it prevented a thorough search for hazardous objects. On Enewetak; any @ AEC would fund the precleanup radiological survey of gical exposure other survey activities required to understand radiolo ic radiological of the people and development of standards; and period subsequent any for surveys after cleanup. DOD would reimburse p. cleanu of t suppor AECfield and/or laboratory work done in of supporting paperwork. DNAand AECdid not wait for the completion in October 1972 while ys surve eanup Both organizations began their precl developed. being were ents formal agreements and tasking docum Planning and Programming was accomplished by three two-man teams working in conjunction with radiological and nonradiological cleanup efforts. a ee er 4 islands where radiological contamination was suspected, the AEC radiological survey personnel checked each object for contamination. Readings were marked on the Engineering Survey maps. Material which showed radiation measurements greater than measurements of local background was shown as contaminated.29 The surveys were severely hampered by adverse weather. Heavy sea conditions prevented actual survey of Boken (Irwin) and Ribewon (James) Islands; however, they had been adequately covered by the May 1972 survey. Typhoon Olga struck the atoll on 23 October 1972, and the Commanding General, SAMTEC, ordered an air evacuation of all personne! to Kwajalein Missile Range. Little time was givento protect the base camp from the effects of the tvphoon, and several facilities were severely damaged. After the return to the atoll, AEC-NV had two turbine generators from the Nevada Test Site flown in to restore power for essential life-support facilities. Engineering Survey fteld work resumed on 8 November and was completed on 21 December 1972. Results of the survey, together with some data from the AEC Radiological Survey, were published in April 1973 as the Engineering Study for a Cleanup Plan.3! The Engineering Study contained the results of the field survey and conceptual plans for accomplishing the cleanup project using a commercial contractor or, as an alternative, using military forces. It was published in three volumes. Volume | showed the results of the island-by-island site survey, with aerial photographs of each island and a listing of all structures, other construction, and major debris on each. The condition of each item was indicated, along with a recommended disposition; e.g., remove, leave as is, make safe, or rehabilitate. Each recommendation was based on