The remaining 16 veterans visited ANL during 1979, when they were interviewed regarding their participation (exposure scenario) and checked for evidence of residual internal radioactivity that might be attributable to such participation. Whole-body and thorax gamma-ray counts were made looking specifically for Cesium-137, a fairly long-lived fission product that distributes throughout the body after intake. Using different instruments, similar measurements were made for Plutonium-239 in the thorax and skull. While at ANL, the veterans also provided 24-hour urine specimens that were analyzed for Plutonium-239 and Strontium-90. None of the tests revealed internal radioactivity in excess of that found in the general population. Thus, the authors concluded that they had "no evidence that these subjects received any significant internal dose from their participation in the SMOKY weapon test" (6). 8.4 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STUDIES. The NAS National Research Council (NRC) concluded two medical studies pertinent to this report: # Studies of Participants in Nuclear Tests (1985), known as the Mortality Study, and "Multiple Myeloma among Hiroshima/Nagasaki Veterans" (1983). This section discusses the procedures and findings of each study. 8.4.1 Mortality Study. Preliminary reports by the CDC in 1979 that a statistically significant increase in leukemia incidence was occurring in the "SMOKY cohort" caused considerable concern. The Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) requested the Medical Follow-up Agency of the NAS National Research Council (NRC), an independent non-Government agency, to undertake a study of this issue. study were left to the NRC. The details of the Funded by both DNA and DOE, the effort was to determine whether participants at nuclear tests other than SMOKY were also experiencing an increased incidence of leukemia, other cancers, or any other 185