The findings, published in the 5 August 1983 issue of the Journal of the Americal Medical Association, indicated several biases that affected the study. The authors noted, for example, that the index case was included in the sample and that one of the leukemia cases was for a deceased Air National Guard pilot whose presence at SMOKY was questionable (5). In summary, the CDC 1983 study revealed an increase in the incidence of leukemia and resulting deaths among a group of nuclear test participants issued film badges at the NTS for the period covering the date of Shot SMOKY. The incidence of other forms of cancer, other selected diseases, and the overall mortality among the cohort was typical of that for the general population. The conclusion was as follows: "Although uncertainty remains about the exact amount of radiation exposure, the lack of a significant increase after 22 years in either the incidence of or the mortality from any other cancer and the apparent lack of a dose effect by units lead to the consideration that the leukemia findings may be attributable either to chance, to factors other than radiation, or to some combination of risk factors possibly including radiation" (5). 8.3 ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY STUDY. The CDC study discussed above concluded that the increased incidence of leukemia among the "SMOKY" cohort may be attributable to chance or the result of an unknown combination of factors. A possible factor was that the radi- ation doses might have been higher than reported since only external gamma radiation exposures were considered. One hypothesis was that significant internal doses resulted from inhalation or ingestion of radioactive material. As a check, a group of 19 veterans was selected from the SMOKY cohort by the CDC to be sent to the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) for special testing. The group was chosen on the basis of high film badge readings and/or potential for internal exposure. Signs of radiogenic malady. None of the group exhibited any clinical Three members of the group, however, chose not to participate in the study. 184