d. e. On all islands (except the very small ones) that were radiologically surveyed, an orthogonal grid was established. Grid nodes were marked with wooden stakes bearing the coordinates of the location. Maximum spacing of the grid lines was 100 meters. In many places, closer spacing eventually became desirable--50, 25, 12-1/2 and even 6-1/4 meters where TRU concentration gradients were found to vary significantly over small distances. An IMP wastaken to the island to perform anin situ survey of 241 am in the surface soil. Analyzer printouts and recording tapes from each day's measurements were sent daily to the EG&G scientist for review and forwarding to the DRI statistician for entry into the data base. f. A soil sampling crew from the Radiation Lab visited the island to collect a suite of samples following a sampling plan devised by the Tech Advisor and the DRI statistician. These samples were returned to the RADLAB for analysis. The soil sampling sometimes preceded, and sometimes followed, the IMP measurements. g. After the data were critically evaluated by the statistician, the TRU results were plotted on a map or diagram (with elaborating text) and forwarded to JTG. This information was used by JTG to determine which areas did not meet the cleanup criteria and therefore required additional soil removal to bring them into compliance. The Army element was tasked by JTG to remove soil from those areas needing cleanup. Bulldozers and front-end loaders were used to remove surface soil. A clamshell was also used in excavating the Aomon Crypt (ef.). Contaminated soil (and any other contaminated debris) that was excavated was stockpiled and then hauled by landing craft to Runit for disposal in the Cactus Crater. h. i. After removal of soil from a given area was complete (a six-inch "lift" was the layer usually removed), a follow-up in situ 24lam survey by the IMP was performed and the new results forwarded to JTG as described in Item g above. If the "new" surface met cleanup criteria, no further cleanup was needed. If the new surface was still above criteria, further cleanup, followed by further IMP measurements, continued. This cycle was repeated until cleanup criteria were met. In some locations, primarily those where deeper excavation was needed because of subsurface contamination, restoration work was necessary to leave the surface in a condition that was topographically similar to the adjacent area. Clean soil was hauled in to fill such areas. The IMP surveyed borrowedsoil before it was brought in to be sureit, in turn, was within the cleanup criteria. j. After all cleanup, excavation and restoration had been completed on a given island, the ERSP Project Manager provided JTG with a certifying letter stating the TRU condition of the island and which of the cleanupcriteria had been met. Workweek The official workweek in the Enewetak Cleanup Project was 60 hours—l0 hours per day, Monday through Saturday. Because much of the field work required travel by boat from the camps to the work islands, the 10-hour workday was adopted in hope that approximately eight hours of productive worktime could be accomplished. : 2.3.6 Operational Planning and Coordination With over 900 persons from three military services and a numberof civilian organizations in the Joint Task Group, all of whom were engaged in diverse, interlocking activities involving more than 40 islands of the atoll, coordinated planning quickly emerged as a vital factor in the project. No Single military element or civilian component could operate independently. There was much interdependence among the organizations. Thus a matrix of planning and coordinating committees and other entities evolved to facilitate communication and solve problems among the groups. Those that were of the greatest importance to ERSP are summarized here. 76