Coast and Geodetic Survey, (b) contracts with consulting or- ganizations such as Roland F. Beers, Inc., Alexandria, Va., Hazleton-Nuclear Science Corporation, Palo Alto, Calif., and Holmes & Narver, Ine., Los Angeles, Calif., and (c) individual consultants. The total annual expenditure for the operational and research studies directed toward safety at the Nevada Test Site currently is over $8 million. In addition, there were and are numerous programs carried on as part of the laboratories’ scientific effort that have a bearing on safety and contribute greatly to the basic understandings. One of the earliest and most valuable were those environmental studies conducted by the Department of Bio- physics and Nuclear Medicine, University of California Medical School, Los Angeles, Calif. Also, in May 1963 a new Biology Division at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at Livermore, Calif., was formed with one of its prime missions to investigate problems dealing directly and indirectly with radioactive fallout, especially radioiodine. US. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DIVISION OF RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH PHOTO FIGURE 15.—Collection of water sample near the Nevada Test Site by U.S. Public Health Service personnel. Milk Sampling Milk samples were and are collected routinely one time per month within the 300 mile radius of the NTS, from approximately 25 sources, including all dairies and some additional ranches having one milk cow. In the event that radioactivity was found in any area additional samples were collected often on a daily basis. Water Samples Water samples were and are in general collected monthly from approximately 30 sources(fig. 15). There were no known surface supplies for human usein theoff-site area except for Lake Mead. Research In support of the operational procedures described above to assure safety to the public, there were and are extensive basic and applied research studies conducted in such fields as me- terology, hydrology, and ground motion. These were and are accomplished by (a) cooperation with other Government agencies including the U.S. Weather Bureau, U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Bureau of Mines and U.S. 42 43