built to link them. This causeway was constructed from onsite materials and shored on either side by bulkheads. Before the CASTLE series got underway, Eneman, Lele, and Bikdrin islands had also been linked with the airstrip islands to form a complex 3 miles wheeled vehicles. (4.8 km) long, traversable by Additional causeways were constructed in 1953 that joined Iroij, Odrik, Lomilik, and Aomen islands in the northeastern arc of the Bikini islands. A causeway westward over the reefs from Nam in the northwest portion of Bikini was also built during 1953, terminating at an artificial island that became the detonation point for BRAVO, the first test of the CASTLE series. Camps were also built on Nam, Lomilik, and Eneu to house construction workers building the island complexes. test-related structures on or islands and According to the directives of the AEC, all construc- tion was to be of an expendable nature. (POL) near these A petroleum, oil, and lubricants storage area was also built on Lele to serve the main camp on Bi~ kini at Eneman. Figure 9 shows the Eneman base camp viewed from the la- goon looking south-southwest. for the KOON device. line shaved down The large building in the center is the cab The island to the right is Enidrik and has a blast its center for the KOON test. Radiological Conditions in 1954 The CASTLE planning literature refers to a detailed and comprehensive survey of the radiological condition of the islands at Enewetak in 1954 just before CASTLE. No record, however, has been found of this. There- fore, in order to assess the possibility of task force personnel exposure to ionizing radiation while preparing for CASTLE, it is possible only to discuss the test activities that had taken place at Enewetak and introduce any anecdotal or partial information that is available. Enewetak had been used for nuclear tests in 1948, 1951, and 1952. SANDSTONE (1948) The detonations on Enjebi, Aomon, and Runit left portions of these islands contaminated. In February 1949, a survey party from the Hanford, Oak Ridge, and Los Alamos laboratories of the AEC found "a very 47