in whicn 2 = x Lecause, with stochastle enersy depusition, and LLE, Cele expectation value of the mean cell dose is invartant with exousure,. Eq. (1) coafirns that DBD to the organ system {ts mot a duse at all, wren Tv {ts equivalent is provided Cor tre level of bivolostcrl orgarizaction appropriate C> the “late singserceli and carcinogenesis. expressed equa] asf Rather, Tnis numerically to 8 it {s initiated effects” of LLE, mutaceies $3" the exposure of frovorttional to the cell population, the risk of a ecvll che expectation value of Sifhp. “object-orleated quantity” is proportional being This to the petmacy indevendent “€feld-orcientea” vartable exposure E, expressed as f (see bq. witn D becoming E, a rational basis relationship is provided, Detween dose and credulity, (stochastical.iy) {s quite plausible. is done tndfviduals, oc of The facc Fiz. 3, enuwd as =, of the number of Chuse snowins a quantal ces,onse the the basic orublen when one attempts, as ofloloyical response in terms of a singie Che proportional parameter U. Chg. be. in Gait upper the exposures. fe axes which shown in the Funetion of panei. it.e., the cell dose, le ao is cepicted lower panel. cell dose distributions, It to defy This is depicted the lowec panel of which shows conceptually any one of an points tends that 0 1S exposure and not dose also prsvices what is in Figz.-1, to express L.e., the “Linear-non-thnreeshols” relationship between exposure E and dosed 3). i.@., alchough a purported linear relationsntp a Significant statement of variabdie, for the probability of as quantal cesponse such a avused, Chvedraimensienai in the curves SoGemactic, o% the sane curve ang labeled Uu the Nif/uprcell dose axes are the the celative uumbers of cells dosed, as a z. then Zecomes addintonally clear that eaco point in the linear curve does not represent a single vaiue of cell dose, with all dosed indivicuals having received nominally the same value, as tern “dose-response” curve. distribution representing to have a Z, implied tn the Rather, each point equates zrvups distributions ace implied in Eq. obviously, is of cells to an entire with different doses. (1) showing that D @ ZP is Such in that there must exist a curresponding distribution. Tre nunbec of dosed cells at each value of Z represents a graded serfes of c+ doses, tdentical in concept to such a sertles used in Md w ceternine probability of an vegan response Curve as a functicn of douse. the