could strenytnhen substunttally equitable resolution of the value of legal claims speeitte earlier exposure this appruacih ia insuring tnvolving an allepatiun that a is causally related Co 4a particular, extant cancer. “ote that HSEF’s for macro secidents, in which stochastic energy transfer referced tu operationally. response that may result can be concept mor Similarly, ceadily observed, so that neither a dose time of exposure must Since be observed promptly. Thus that early aA complete approach to riSk asSe3Sment at the the HSEF for cells. the HScF replaces LET concestually, this may be ot significance the detatled significance of “track structure” with radiations of difference “qualicy”. Much of what nas been ascribed track structure differences, my well be simply due to the cells. it is only for such as cancer or heritable defects, then involve those interested in dose cisx evaiualisza. quantal responses of cells, can in most laboracory exneriments observations ace precluded. has is because a quantal sase“response culallonsaips are reyguirea foc severely delayed responses, and Ls sirmlated, are aot uses or even The vooviuves reason using “single cell systems”, to altuoeh vdta.sed im experictents With most, to LET to a difference in particularly stochastic arent transfers, 1t been more or less generally accepted that a larger dose will be ora effective per unit dose Chan a smaller one, apparently with little or xu necessary recduftrement setng perceived The proposed approach has used t3 investigate wh. relevance ita the “extrapolaticn” currenily to estimate cancer risk from low-LET radiation at very low “doses”. Clearly, one is not extrapolating hizh- to low doses of Rather, one is extrapolating to the lower reaches of a curve representing the probability of an expressed cancer, as a function of malignantly transformed cells in the azent ener-y. the sumber of the organ or organs of interest. The interpretation of a “linear, non-threshold” curve (for exposure and not dose) also changes. exposure, is true - lethal. What is meant is there can be stochastic interaction with health consequences. that “any amount”, However, i.e., as little as a single encounter, it must be a large one so that the dose 13 It could .be the conditions are 1) one must first have expertence? such an encounter, and 2) pod | that, with any amount of