Planning and Programming 69 cleanup of the atoll. H&N was selected because of their long experience in providing technical and logistics support at Enewetak during the nuclear test period and because the firm had a large repository of data and maps pertinent to the locations and effects of the tests.29 The Enewetak Engineering Survey began on 12 October 1972. Field work was accomplished by three two-man teams working in conjunction with the AEC radiological survey team. They used motor launches for transportation across the lagoon and rubber rafts to travel from the launches across the shallow reefs to most of the islands. The H&N teams’ first effort on each island was to locate the buildings and other facilities shown on maps from the nuclear testing era. Then they recorded each object’s present condition and their recommendations for its disposition. Whenall previously recorded objects had been accounted for, each island was resurveyed to assure that any other hazardous objects had been located and recorded for the survey report. Vegetation was so dense on someislands that it prevented a thorough search for hazardousobjects. On islands where radiological contamination was suspected, the AEC radiological survey personnel checked each object for contamination. Readings were marked on the Engineering Survey maps. Material which showed radiation measurements greater than measurements of local background was shownas contaminated.30 The surveys were severely hampered by adverse weather. Heavy sea conditions prevented actual survey of Boken (Irwin) and Ribewon (James) Islands, however, they had been adequately covered by the May 1972 survey. Typhoon Olga struck the atoll on 23 October 1972, and the Commanding General, SAMTEC, ordered an air evacuation of all personnel to Kwajalein Missile Range. Little time was given to protect the base camp from the effects of the typhoon, and several facilities were severely damaged. After the return to the atoll, AEC-NV had two turbine generators from the Nevada Test Site flown in to restore power for essential life-support facilities. Engineering Survey field work resumed on 8 November and was completed on 21 December 1972. Results of the survey, together with some data from the AEC Radiological Survey, were published in April 1973 as the Engineering Study for a Cleanup Plan.3! The Engineering Study contained the results of the field survey and conceptual plans for accomplishing the cleanup project using a commercial contractor or, as an alternative, using military forces. It was published in three volumes. Volume I showedthe results of the island-by-island site survey, with aerial photographs of each island and a listing of all structures, other construction, and major debris on each. The condition of each item was indicated, along with a recommendeddisposition; e.g., remove, leave as is, make safe, or rehabilitate. Each recommendation was based on