TABLE 2 - cont. TYPE OF ACTION UNAVOTDABLE ADVERSE EFFECTS 8. Topping existing soil ° Destroy and burn at least some vegetation with new soil (off atoll) AVOIDABLE ADVERSE EFFECTS Air emissions from burning vegetation that may be excessive Possible damage to unrecorded archaeological sites from heavy equipment ° Possible burial of archaeolo- gical sites ° Impacts at the site where new soil is collected operation Dredging for sources of soil (same as listed under 9.Ba) THT. locate and flaq sites that should be protected or relocated before topping Save or relocate important plants an trees ° Same as listed for dredging under 9.Bo | ae. Air emission controls, if necessarm Air and dust emissions from burning and landclearing Reptant vegetation quickly Study and salvage, protection or : relocation of important historic and archaeological sites ; that may be excessive Possible destruction of valuable historic and archaeological sites Preferential consideration of othe alternatives on islands where iti feasible. ; Disposa! Place soil on another island (such as Nam Is.) ° Destroy or damage vegetation Dust from earthmoving and possible air emissions from burning vegetation on recipient island °* Burial of archaeological sites, if any, on recipient island ° 9.A,. Air emission controls, if warranted ° Conduct archaeological study to i SOIC EXCAVATTON ALTERNATTVES 9, Excavation ° Destroy vegetation of soil (excluding ° Destroy some archaeological disposal of excaand historic sites (including buildings) vated soil and its replacement) B.A. MEASURES TO AVOID OR REDUCE ADVERSE EFFECTS that may be excessive Possible damage to significant archaeological sites Damage to reefs from dredging channels or accessways to recipient island (such as Nam) Shoreline erosion and washout of excess fill 9.A2. Extend seaward side of Bikini Island by filling nearshore reef flat with excavated soil protected by armor rock “‘Rermanent but minor loss of fish habitat from filling and remote risk of fish poisoning Permanent but minor loss of coral and subsistence habitat under the new Vandf ill Disturbance and modification of reef flat at quarry site Sedimentation and turbidity on the reef flat next to Aquatic ecosystem damage Shoreline erosion and instability Turbidity sedimentation and ecological damage at quarry sites Oust and air emissions that may be excessive ° Ecological and water quality disturbance during construction Possible lateral migration of radionuclides causing Air and dust emission controls, {f necessary plants 4 Replant vegetation quickly Survey and flag or relocate impor! archaeological sites ° Pick istands and access routes th "avoid or minimizes dredging Proper design of fill areas using setbacks and protective berms ° Place armor rock and filter cloth prior to landfilling * Locate fill land to avoid valuable habitat ° Monitor toxic algae and fish and warn islanders ° Locate fill land where wide reefs will protect it from wave action and currents © Use armor rock of sufficient size filter cloth Design and locate quarries to enh fisheries Air and dust emission controls if needed Replant vegetation quickly on new land possible contamination and restricted use of Bikini Island groundwater loss of a part of sandy beach ° Impermeable liners if warranted t block miqration of radionuclides * reestablish sandy beach along sez face of fill 9.A.3. Ocean disposal of soil Temporary impacts to pelagic ecosystems (primarily fish and plankton Disturbance or burial of deep sea benthic ecasys tems Temporary water quality effects Loss of control of material Turbidity and sedimenta* tion carried from disposal site to coral reefs at Bikini causing adverse effects to reefs Significant impact to benthic ecosystems Exposing food chain to additional radioactivity 5000134 E-2b 3 Save or relocate important trees c © ° land. Locate disposal site away from i where currents will not carry disposal plumes back to the re: Locate disposal sites away from productive benthic ecosystems Bag, solidify or otherwise immo soil prior to disposal