Chapter 6 focuses not on the nuclear tests but on the U.S. postwar occupation of Japan. Entitled "The Atomic Bombing and U.S. Occupation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki," the chapter describes the detonations, the initial and residual radiation, and the participation and radiation doses of U.S. occupation troops. DNA expanded the NTPR program in 1979 to incorporate research and assistance efforts on behalf of the former occupation troops. Chapter 7, Radiation Dose Determination, focuses on dose determination for both the veterans of nuclear testing and the Hiroshima/Nagasaki occupation. It discusses the use of film badge data from badged personnel to estimate individual doses for unbadged personnel. In addition, it presents the methods for dose reconstruction employed when film badge data were unavailable or unrepresentative of individual or group activities. Chapter 8, Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation and Medical Followup Studies of Veterans, addresses two topics. It first discusses the health effects of ionizing radiation as generally understood by both national and international experts. The chapter then summarizes the epidemiological studies of the veterans of the nuclear tests and the Hiroshima/Nagasaki occupation. The studies have been conducted by the Centers for Disease Control, the Argonne National Laboratory, the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Office of Technology Assessment. The six appendices are designed to assist the reader in using this volume and in conducting additional research. Appendix A, Chronology of Selected Events Relevant to the NTPR Program, highlights key information presented in the text. Appendix B, Glossary, defines technical and organizational terms pertinent to the commentary, and Appendix C lists abbreviations and acronyms. Appendix D, Public Resources for Documents on Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Testing, discusses the availability of documents for purchase at the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) and for research at the Coordination and Information Center. Appendix E identifies the DNA personnel-oriented histories of atmospheric nuclear testing, all of which are for sale at NTIS and available for review at the CIC. The volume ends with Appendix F, Selected Bibliography, which specifies selected resources that should be available through major public and university libraries. vi