$5 mother was diagnosed as having congenital heart disease and died several monthsafter birth. The suggestive evidence of increased miscarriages and stillbirths in the exposed women during the first few years after exposure might be related to irradiation of the germ plasm. The finding that male children of exposed parents were shorter in stature than children of the same age of unexposed parents may have some genetic significance, but further studies would be necessaryto substantiate such a conclusion. Hematological studies showed that certain peripheral blood elements in the more heavilyexposed Rongelap group continued to show slightlv lower levels than in the unexposed comparison population, suggesting a persistent irradiationeffect on hemopoietic function. Examination of the data by age and sex groups showed that neutro- phil and platelet levels among the exposed were consistently below the unexposed levels, and that exposed males aged 7 to 13 vears and exposed persons, both males and females, aged >>40 showed the most difference from their controls. The exposed males and females of ages 15 to 40 showed less difference, with even higherlevels of someelements than the unexposed groups of the same ages. The platelet levels. however, were consistently lower in all age groups in both sexes. [t was noted also that male children of exposed parents had somewhat lower levels of neutrophils, ivmpho- cytes, and platelets than children of unexposed parents. The Rongelap population as a whole continued to showslightly lower ervthropoietic function than found generally in Americans, the explanation for which is not clear. Though iron deficiency does not appear to be a problem in view of generally normal serum iron levels, some other type of nutritional deficiency maybe responsible. The high incidence of eosinophilia may be partly related to chronic fungusinfection of the skin and intestinal parasitism, but other causes, not 1m- mediately obvious, may be involved. The “portable” whole-body counter was used to obtain the gammaspectra of 110 Marshallese, half of whom had been exposedto the fallout in 1954. No significant difference in body burdensofthe gamma-emitting radioisotopes was observed between the Marshallese exposed to fallout in 1954 and those of the comparison population Irving in the same environment for the past + years. Thelevels of internal contamination per unit weight appeared to be about the samefor juveniles as for adults. male and female. Wide variations in levels of contamination in anygroup were found. apparently due to differences in diet and metabo- lism. Phe mean Cs‘ '* body burden in adult males was 14.7 myC. kg, which is not significantlydif- ferent trom the mean value ofa similar group ob- tained 2 vears ago; it was 300 times that ofthe medical team, who were measured at the same time tor comparison. The Zn”level in adult males (1.51 meC, kg) dropped to 17°r of the mean value measured 2 vears ago. With a larger detector and a longer counting time than previously emploved. it was possible to identify and quantify Cofor the first time in these people: the mean level of Co"” was about 11": of the Zn”’ level. A small amount of residual activity was sull present after the sub- traction of K°’ and the above radionuclides from the total spectrum. The mean level of urinary excretion of Sr“? was 7.2 wuC, lor 14% higher than measured in the 1959 medical survey. Though the acute effects of radiation exposure in the Marshallese have largelv subsided, it ts pos- sible that certain late or delayed effects mayoccur. Some late effects have already been observed in the Japanese, such as an increased incidence of leukemia and possibly other malignancies and also development of cataracts. Still other late effects have been observed in irradiated animals. It is un- likely that such abnormalities will develop in the relatively small Rongelap population and, should thev develop, the incidence should be quite low. Nevertheless, it is extremely important that further surveys be conducted to detect subtle changes associated with the development of such abnor- malities sothat they can be documented and therapeutic procedures tnstituted whenever possible. The examinations showsome findings which persist in the exposed people, and these need to be carefully followed. Phese include incomplete recovery of certain blood elements to levels found in the unexposed people, retardation of growth and development in some of the irradiated children, and pigmented changesat thesites of radiation burns of the skin. Recognizing the importance of these surveys, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission have agreed that annual medical survevs of the Marshallese people exposed to fallout in 1954 should continue indefinitely.