CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD iil PREFACE v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii ABSTRACT ix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xvii CHRONOLOGY OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS xxiii CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION l 1.2 SELECTION AND EVACUATION OF ENEWETAK ATOLL FOR NUCLEAR TESTING 3 1.3. ISLANDS IN THE ATOLL 5 1.4 THE TESTING PERIOD 10 1.4.1 1.4.2 10 13 1.5 POST-TESTING PROGRAMS 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.6 Nuclear Tests Testing Effects on the Islands 15 High Energy Upper Stage (HEUS) Rocket Tests Pacific Cratering Experiments (PACE) Mid-Pacific Research Laboratory (MPRL) PHOTOGRAPHS OF HISTORICAL INTEREST 16 16 19 20 CHAPTER TWO: DOE ROLE 2.1 PRE-CLEANUP EVENTS TO 15 JUNE 1977 33 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 Introduction Early Surveys and Reports Engineering Study, 1972 33 36 36 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 2.1.8 AEC Task Group Report Meeting of September 1974 Master Plans The DEIS and EIS 39 44 45 46 Operations Plan (OPLAN 600-77) The In-Situ System 50 51 2.1.4 2.1.9 2.1.10 2.1.11 2.2 AEC Surveys, 1971-1973 37 Work Toward Project Approval 47 RESOLUTION OF ISSUES 51 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.9 53 34 57 58 65 Ocean Dumping Versus Crater Entombment Funding Responsibility Plutonium Versus Total Transuranics Cleanup Criteria Priority of Island Cleanup xi