the multitude of radioisotopes to which people have been exposed. The Nuclear Regulatory Commis- sion’s memorandum on casualties expected from worldwide fallout should lead us to anticipate greater effects in local populations exposed to much higher concentrations of radio- nuclides from fallout in the environment. Mormon populations in southwestern Utah and adjacent parts of Arizona and Nevada have certain statistical advantages for such inves- tigations, because the cancer inci- dence data there may be compared with that for all Mormons in Utah, permitting comparisons of cancer incidence free from some of the variables that must be dealt with elsewhere. Allowance should be made for eancer induced by fallout for all Utah Mormons (although less than in southwestern Utah). A burden of radiation-induced cancer throughout the state can be expected, because an excess of childhood leukemia has been reported for the entire state, and this observation is an early warning of other classes of radiation-induced cancer to appear later. This study was supported by a grant from the Nuclear Rediation Research Foundation. The survey received valuable support from manycitizens in the high-fallout area; Philip H. Williams, MS, trained and coordinated the persons carrying out the survey; Bruce Ellis, MS, assisted with statistical tests; Frederick A. Johnson assisted with the dats; Kathryn Van Deusen, MA, and Mina F. Coffey helped prepare the manuscript. References 1. Beebe GW: The atomic bomb survivors and the problem of low-dose radiation effects. Am J Epidemiol 1981;114:761-783. 2. Kato H, Schul] WJ: Life Span Study Report 9: I. Cancer Mortality Among A-Bomb Survivors, 1950-1978. Hiroshima, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 1980, pp 12-80. 3. Larsen PR, Conard RA, Knudsen KD, et ai: Thyroid hypofunction after exposure to fallout from a hydrogen bomb explosion. JAMA 1982; 247:1571-1575. 4. Colter MW, Moghissi AA: Three decades of nuclear testing. Health Phys 1977;33:55-71. 5 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, ERDA1551. Government Printing Office, 1977. 6. Compilation of Local Fallout From Test Detonations, 1945-1962, extracted from Dasa 1251, vol 1, in Continental U.S Tests, report 1251-1 Ex. US Defense Nuclear Agency, 1979. 7. Johnson CJ, Tidball RR, Severson RC: Plutonium hazard in respirable dust on the surface of soil. Science 1976;193:488. 8 Kocher DC: Dose rate conversion factors on 236 calculations for 240 radionuclides of potential importance in routine releases from nuclear fuel cycle facilities. Health Phys 1980;88:543-621. 9. Health Effects of Low Level Radiation, official minutes of the Atomic Energy Commission meeting No. 1062, Feb 25, 1955. Government Printing Office, vol 1, 1979, serial 96-41. 10. Smith RJ: Atom bomb tests leave infa- mous legacy. Science 1982;218:266-269. ll. Public Health Service Transcription of the Nov 10, 1958, Meeting of the National Advisory Committee on Radiation. Public Health Service, 1958. 12. Lyon JL, Klauber MR, Gardner JW,et al: Childhood leukemias associated with fallout from nuclear testing. N Engl J Med 1979, 300:394-402. 13. Radiological Surveillance Studies at the Oyster Creek BWR Nuclear Generating Station. Cincinnati, US Environmental! Protection Agency, Office of Radiation Progams, Eastern Environmental Facility, Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineering Branch, 1976. 14. Franke BM, Kruger E, Steinhilber-Sehwab JAMA, Jan 13, 1984—Vol 251, No. 2 B, et al: Radiation Exposure to the Public From Radioactive Emissions of Nuclear Power Stations: Critical Analysis of the Official Regulatory Guides. Heidelberg, West Germany, Institut Fur Energie und Umweltforschung, translated into English by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1980. 15. Lyon JL, Gardner JW, West DD: Cancer incidence in Mormons and non-Mormons in Utah during 1967-1975. JNCI 1980;65:1055-1061. 16. Bailar JC, Ederer F: Significance factors for the ratio of a Poisson variable to its expectation. Biometrics 1964;20-639-643. 17. Johnson CJ: An investigation of brain cancer, melanoma, and other neoplasms in employees of the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant in Jefferson County, Colorado. Read before the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, Los Angeles, Nov 3, 1981. 18. Johnaon CJ: Cancer incidence in an area contaminated with radionuclides near a nuclear installation. Amdio 1981;10:176-182, 1982;11:377378, 1983;12280-281. Cancer and Radioactive Faliout -~Johnson Printed and Published tn the United States of America