12 possible since the team arrived the day after her death. Principal gross findings included fractures of the Sth, 6th, and 7th ribs and the first lumbar vertebra with ecchymoses and internal hemorrhage, atherosclerosis of the heart and aorta,bilateral pulmonary edema, and benign nephrosclerosis. Atrophy of the kidney,liver, and spleen were noted, Principal findings on microscopic examina- tion included myocardial fibrosis, aortic athero- sclerosis, and pulmonary edema. It was believed that death resulted from trauma and hemorrhage, possibly from a fall. Details of the autopsy findings are reported in Appendix 6.* tHlinesses Only 4 people, 2 exposed and 2 controls, required hospitalizauon during the past year. Two cases of hemorrhoids and an anal fistula required surgical correction; one case of an acute exfolia- tive type of dermatitis required hospital treatment. The health aide reported that during the past year about 20 people on Rongelap developed a sickness associated with eating improperly prepared arrowroot flour, The sickness was characterized by sore- different from that in the unexposed comparison group. Appendix 5 lists major findings on cuch adult examined. Certain abnormalities such as moderate to severe arteriosclerosis showed a higher incidence in the exposed group, but these increases were probably related to the larger percentage of older people in the exposed group. In the exposed group 20% of the adults were >65 years of age, compared with 7% of the unexposed adults, Taking this into consideration, it does not appear that the abnormalities in the two groups are very different, and no evidence of any increased incidence of degenerative diseases or other discases is apparent in the exposed group. In the exposed group several of the older people (No. 57-F, age 107; No. 46-M, age 86; No. 55-M, age 82; and No. 28-F, age 75) showed marked infirmities of old age and presented such findings as arteriosclerotic heart disease, kyphoscoliosis, osteoarthritis, cataracts, and blindness. These people had to be assisted to the examination room. Only two cases in the uncxposed group were in this category (No, 862-M, age 88, and No. 946-M, age 85). ness of the mouth and throat, anorexia, nausea, OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS to several weeks. Occasional cases of fish poison- In Table 4 the incidence of various ophtha!lmological findings in the Rongelap people is presented. Pterygia and pingueculac were the most common, occurring in 43% of the exposed adults and 36.9% of the control group, but these were not found in individuals < 20 years of age and were most common in those >40. All lens opacities could be classified as senile, presentie, or congenital. There were 14.5% of the exposed adults and 13.6% of the control group that had senile cataracts. Lenticular opacities (including presenile and congenital) occurred in 22.9% of the exposed group and 21.7% of the control group; they were most common tn those >45 years of age. No opac- vomiting, and diarrhea, and lasted from a few days ing (numbering about 20) occurred during the past year. They were characterized by the typical gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms noted in the past. Fish poisoning is a ubiquitousillness in the South Sea Islands. The only other sicknesses reported were the usual number of cases of upper respiratory infections, gastroenteritis, and numer- ous skin conditions. ADULT EXAMINATIONS In Table 3 are listed the various physical abnormalities in the adults, except for the ophthalmological findings, which are listed and discussed in the following section. As noted in previous examinaions, the incidence of various abnormalities in the exposed group did not appearto be significantly *The gross autopsy findings are reported by one of us (L. M.). We are grateful to Drs. Hans Cottier, W. Calvo, and V. Alcober of BNL for reporting the histological findings. ities were noted characteristic of those induced by radiation exposure. Corneal pigmentation could be classified into two groups, congenital and acquired. There were 20.8% of the exposed and 23.9% of the control group that had congenital corneal pigmentation not unlike that seen in all dark-skinned races in any part of the world. Three cases (6.2% ) in the exposed group had a noncongenital pigmentation, consisting of a dark linear streak of pigment ex-