~ pe ee ae ee 0 a WEAPONSTESTING .neneeeeeeeeoemg _ Marshall tslands 1945 AUGUST 6 Japan: The U.S. drops ie) a 13 kiloton atomic bomb on Hiroshima city, killing appréximately 100,000 people. Three days later a second atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki city, killing approximately 70,000 people. a sjelong Gg | * atirtk wath wa wo rhea — Cou a N teu as ; and political leaders begin planning wahen mriied wie & nuclear experiments for further development of nuclear weapons. Two tests, code named Operation CROSSROADS, are planned to demonstrate the effects of atomic explosions on naval vessels. A search is begun for an appropriate testing site. omnes Qe fe \ sens — NOVEMBER Washington: American military ‘besoOL auha cen di. ue wae kisi eon 1947 DECEMBER Enewetak: The Navy decides that Enewetak Atoli will be used for a second series of nuclear experiments. 1946 JANUARY Washington: Navy offi- 1948 APRIL Enewetak: Operation SAND- cials in Washington, D.C. announce that STONE begins and includes three atomic Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands blasts ranging in strength from 18 tgs other requirements for Operation CROSS5ROADS (4,500 miles away from the U.S.; a small population of 167; a protected anchorage; and under the control of the Ray (April 15), Yoke (May 1) and Zebra (May 15). : ~ fy fulfills all climatic, geographical and 49 kilotons, detonated from towers: X- ooh. U.S.). 1951 APRIL Enewetak: Operation JULY Bikiri: Operation CROSSROADS be- GREENHOUSE begins. blasts, Abie (July 1), an air drop, and Baker (July 25), an underwater test. towers: Dog (April 8), Easy (April 21), George (May 9) and Item (May 25). Easy test is 47 kilotons; information on the others remains classified. Approximately 3,200 military men participate in this series. These bombs sre about the size of the atomic bors dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. About 42,030 military men and scientists participate in this test series. —— 1947 This series in- cludes four atomic tests exploded on gins and includes two atomic bomb = JULY The Marshall Islands, along with the Caroline and Mariana Islands, formerly wder a League of Nations Mandate to the Japanese, become the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific, administered by the United States. 1952 NOVEMBER Enewetak: Operation "Ships remained in the lagoon during cetonation and fallout periods ard were subjected to conSiderable fallout (during Operation Greenhouse)." IVY begins. Mike (November 1), estimated at 106.4 megatons (750 times greater than the Hiroshima bomb). King (November i6) is described as a “high yield" 500 kiloton Studies of Participants in Nuclear Tests, National] Academy of Sciences, September 1980. 500? 5qq Asses It includes the first thermonuclear (hydrogen) device test, (continued on page 6) 4 BEEBE ERE BEES ee ee