and equipment handling; (4) severe boating conditions at Bikini during delay periods. which restricted maintenance of test stations; (5) degeneration of test stations by sult spray, humidity, rain, and intense sun during the repeated postponements of shot days because of weather; (6) changes of shot sequence, sites, and predicted yields; (7) extreme variations in actual and predicted yields; and (8) cancellation of one shot (Echo) fo- which elaborate instrumentation had been prepared. 1.2 ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION The solicitation, review, and coordination of project pronosels was undertcken in ac- cordance with the basic mission of the AFSWP. In April 1953, the Joint Chiefs of Staff augmented the mission of the AFSWP by directing the AFSWP “. . . to exercise technical direction of weapons effects phases of development tests or other tests of atomic weapons TABL" 1.2 FUNDING AND COSTS, MILITARY-EFFECT TEST PROGRAM Progra rem Titl L 2 3 4 Blast and Shock Measurements Nuclear Radiation Studies Structures, Equipment and Materia! Biomedical Studies 6 7 8 9 Service Equipment and Techniques Long Range Detection Thermal Radiation Measurements Supporting Measurements ° Field Command, AFSWP Initial R&D Funding R&D Coasts to 1 October 1957 $2,200 000 1,400 ,000 700 ,000 200 ,000 $1,603,176 963,891 367,218 7,901 1,211,750 350 ,000 209,000 1,000,900 _ TOTAL 37,361,750 1,073 600 239 249 20,000* 132,210 25,268 $4,432,413 *To Program 18, LASL, for thermal measurements. within any task force organization for tests conducted outside the continental United States” (Reference 4}. The mode of implementing this expanded mission for Castle was delineated in an agreement between the Commander, Joint Tast Force 7, and Chief, AFSWP (Reference 5). As a part of this agreement, AFSWP formed and manned Task Unit 13 (activated 1 June 1953) as a unit under Task Group 7.1 and exercised technical direction by direct communication with Commander, Task Unit 13, and as necessary with Commander, Task Group 7.1 (see Figure 1.1). At the request of AFSWP (Reference 6), personnel of project agencies were ordered by their respective services to report to the Commander, Task Group 7.1 through the Commander, Task Unit 13 for planning and ccordination control during nonoperational phases and for full operational control during the on-site operational phase. The Chief, AFSWP, supervised the preliminary work on the military-effect program, with the Weapons Test Division performing the detailed coordination. In March 1953, the Commanding General, Field Command AFSWP, was assigned the responsibility for the technical direction of the program. This responsibility was discharged through the Directorate of Weapona Effects Tests, Field Command AFSWP. During the operational phase, the responsibility for technical direction reverted to the Chief, AFSWP. 1.3 FUNDING Research and development (R & D) funds wereallotted directly to the participating project 20