T. M. BEASLEY, T. A.JOKELA and R. J. EAGLE ATES is (ug/g dry wt. ppm) 20 Fe Zn Mn 6 346 124 41 6 492 128 53 1 61413164 5 403 «12653 53 954 93ts«Y 17 123° «170 16 860 142 64 il 373 143° 12 1.2 110 =—-:110 i0 le to assign an absolute ed reduction, for the ‘ach organ contributes only poorly known for 1ONCENTRATIONS entrations of trace cleasured in these FPC ff trace elements which istive, and clearly there missing. Tor example, yns would have been the concentrations of We chose the trace + 3 because several are xderate amounts (Pb, 3, in small amounts, are n (Go, Fe, Zn, fn). n of Pb in the anchovy the findings shown in Yable 2 in which the bone andliver of the fresh anchovy contained unusual concentrations of this element. It should be noted that stable lead profiles (concentration versus depth) of near-shore Southern California waters4%19 and waters off the Oregon Coast?) show higher lead concentrationsat the surface than do similar profiles taken in Atlantic waters off Bermuda. These high surface concentrations of Pb are attributed to automotive exhaust emissions which are currently a subject of increasing concern." It is probable that the lead observed in all the FPC products analyzed here comes principally from this source. he concentrations of the remaining elements in the concentrates are not unusual considering the amounts of these elements in sea water)? and iheir accumulation by marine organisms.4819%) However, the uniformity of concentration for Ag, Cd, Co and Cu is puzzling. Addition of trace amounts of these elements during analysis is unlikely since all processing was done in pyrex glassware, and reagent blanks for all analyses were low. Contamination during production is a possibility since stainless stcel vessels are used for containment and milling of the final product to a flour-like consistency does place the FPC in contact with metals. Consequently, some caution should be exercised in concluding that the concentrations of Ag, Co, Cd and Cu are derived solely from ecological concentration processes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In assessing the effect which FPC might have in enhancing “‘normal’’ dietary intakes of both radionuclides and trace elements, it 1s necessary to make some estimate of daily FPC intake. Keronum’) estimates that 10-20g of animal protein would be sufficicnt to alleviate the deleterious effects of protein deficiency in much of the world’s population. Moreover, experimental feeding programs conducted in different countries in which bakery products containing 10 -20° FPC by weight have found wide acceptance, suggests that an assumed 10 g/day intake of FPC would be reasonable. (0° *4) Of the radionuclides measured in these concentrates the *’Pb-*!8Po pair are the most significant. Ingestion of moderate amounts of these products would substantially enhance 819 “normal” dietary intakes of these radionuclides. As argued earlier™, Hoxutzman®) and, more recently, Macno e¢ al.@® estimate the daily dietary intake of 2!°Pb at 4 dis/min. In addition, Holtzman estimates an intake of another 4 dis/ min/day by inhalation. These concentrations, over a lifetime, produce skeletal body burdens of 2Ph—18Po which account for some 50% of the skeletal radiation dose received from radionuclides deposited in that organ’. Ingestion of 10 g/day of either the anchovy FPC or the gulf menhaden FPC would add 7 and 14 dis/min, respectively, to a current dietary and inhalation intake of 8 dis/min, the effect being a near doubling and tripling of the total 74°Pb intake, respectively. Smaller butstill significant contributions would be made from ingestion of all but the Atlantic herring FPC, A similar assessment concerning ™°Po is diflicult, since time lapses between processing and ingestion does afford a meansofsignificantly reducing *#’Po concentrations by radioactive decay (Ty = 138d). However, *!°Po concentrations approaching those of the anchovy FPC are important; a 10 g/day intake of fresh product would add approximately 600 dis/min to an average daily intake of 2-20 dis/min (Hirt@?), A 1 yr delay between pro- cessing and mtake would reduce the anchovy FPC Po activity to 10 dis/min/g dry weight, but would still add 100 dis/min of #!°Po daily to the diet at that time. ‘Table 4 shows a tabulation of the estimated daily intake of the various trace elements of interest to this study. Included for several of the clements are the levels which are considered as toxic. The most striking addition of any trace element to the diet, regardless of its source, would appear ta be cobalt. Ingestion of 10 ¢/ dav of any of the concentrates would increase cobalt intake by greater than an order of magnitude, and in the case of the ocean pout FPG, by greater than two orders of magnitude. The anchovy FPC would contribute substantially to Pb intake (~80 ug), and all concentrates would increase Ag intake by 10-3094. ‘The other elements would all appear to be oflesser importance in altering current intakes, Neither the radionuclide or the trace element concentrations measured in these products approach levels that are considered toxic, although the radioactive and trace clement DOB ARS