T. M. BEASLEY, T. A.JOKELA and R. J. EAGLE
ATES
is (ug/g dry wt. ppm)
20
Fe
Zn
Mn
6
346
124
41
6
492
128
53
1
61413164
5
403
«12653
53
954
93ts«Y
17
123°
«170
16
860
142
64
il
373
143°
12
1.2
110
=—-:110
i0
le to assign an absolute
ed reduction, for the
‘ach organ contributes
only poorly known for
1ONCENTRATIONS
entrations of trace cleasured in these FPC
ff trace elements which
istive, and clearly there
missing. Tor example,
yns would have been
the concentrations of
We chose the trace
+ 3 because several are
xderate amounts (Pb,
3, in small amounts, are
n (Go, Fe, Zn, fn).
n of Pb in the anchovy
the findings shown in
Yable 2 in which the bone andliver of the fresh
anchovy contained unusual concentrations of
this element. It should be noted that stable
lead profiles (concentration versus depth) of
near-shore Southern California waters4%19 and
waters off the Oregon Coast?) show higher
lead concentrationsat the surface than do similar
profiles taken in Atlantic waters off Bermuda.
These high surface concentrations of Pb are
attributed to automotive exhaust emissions which
are currently a subject of increasing concern."
It is probable that the lead observed in all the
FPC products analyzed here comes principally
from this source.
he concentrations of the remaining elements
in the concentrates are not unusual considering
the amounts of these elements in sea water)?
and iheir accumulation by marine organisms.4819%) However, the uniformity of concentration for Ag, Cd, Co and Cu is puzzling.
Addition of trace amounts of these elements
during analysis is unlikely since all processing
was done in pyrex glassware, and reagent blanks
for all analyses were low. Contamination during
production is a possibility since stainless stcel
vessels are used for containment and milling of
the final product to a flour-like consistency does
place the FPC in contact with metals. Consequently, some caution should be exercised in
concluding that the concentrations of Ag, Co,
Cd and Cu are derived solely from ecological
concentration processes.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
In assessing the effect which FPC might have
in enhancing “‘normal’’ dietary intakes of both
radionuclides and trace elements, it 1s necessary
to make some estimate of daily FPC intake.
Keronum’) estimates that 10-20g of animal
protein would be sufficicnt to alleviate the
deleterious effects of protein deficiency in
much of the world’s population. Moreover,
experimental feeding programs conducted in
different countries in which bakery products
containing 10 -20° FPC by weight have found
wide acceptance, suggests that an assumed
10 g/day intake of FPC would be reasonable. (0° *4)
Of the radionuclides measured in these concentrates the *’Pb-*!8Po pair are the most
significant. Ingestion of moderate amounts of
these products would substantially enhance
819
“normal” dietary intakes of these radionuclides.
As argued earlier™, Hoxutzman®) and, more
recently, Macno e¢ al.@® estimate the daily
dietary intake of 2!°Pb at 4 dis/min. In addition,
Holtzman estimates an intake of another 4 dis/
min/day by inhalation. These concentrations,
over a lifetime, produce skeletal body burdens
of 2Ph—18Po which account for some 50% of
the skeletal radiation dose received from
radionuclides deposited in that organ’. Ingestion of 10 g/day of either the anchovy FPC or
the gulf menhaden FPC would add 7 and
14 dis/min, respectively, to a current dietary and
inhalation intake of 8 dis/min, the effect being a
near doubling and tripling of the total 74°Pb
intake, respectively. Smaller butstill significant
contributions would be made from ingestion
of all but the Atlantic herring FPC,
A similar assessment concerning ™°Po is
diflicult, since time lapses between processing
and ingestion does afford a meansofsignificantly
reducing *#’Po concentrations by radioactive
decay (Ty = 138d). However, *!°Po concentrations approaching those of the anchovy
FPC are important; a 10 g/day intake of
fresh product would add approximately 600
dis/min to an average daily intake of 2-20
dis/min (Hirt@?), A 1 yr delay between pro-
cessing and mtake would reduce the anchovy
FPC Po activity to 10 dis/min/g dry weight,
but would still add 100 dis/min of #!°Po daily
to the diet at that time.
‘Table 4 shows a tabulation of the estimated
daily intake of the various trace elements of
interest to this study. Included for several of
the clements are the levels which are considered
as toxic. The most striking addition of any
trace element to the diet, regardless of its source,
would appear ta be cobalt. Ingestion of 10 ¢/
dav of any of the concentrates would increase
cobalt intake by greater than an order of magnitude, and in the case of the ocean pout FPG,
by greater than two orders of magnitude. The
anchovy FPC would contribute substantially
to Pb intake (~80 ug), and all concentrates
would increase Ag intake by 10-3094. ‘The
other elements would all appear to be oflesser
importance in altering current intakes,
Neither the radionuclide or the trace element
concentrations measured in these products
approach levels that are considered toxic,
although the radioactive and trace clement
DOB ARS