180 Health Physics 0.38 qq oo Majuro: Thyroid 0 oo 0.3 Fo ; 1930 1953 1957} = HeSSSES AGES 447 on nteoennatl whe Bf 4 O11 ete HB BD 4 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 4 BB Oo a ee 3 on eee el 2 bo csescicisiari a < 0 Dbeivivivin j Absorbed Dose (mGy) 6 nO Oo Me dee esse | T T l T T T T T T T Rongelap: Thyroid s ® MB 3 Year Utrik: Thyroid | 1930 | 8 >-) Me 1953| eFS sa ps 0.2 0 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1 HM H@ Year 10 oo Kwajalein: Thyroid Absorbed Dose (mGy) M 04 } 1930 1953 Absorbed Dose (mGy) r August 2010, Volume 99, Number 2 3 L---- Ol HM 1930 1953 2h 1b 0 a || 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 Year Year Fig. 4. Annual doses (mGy) to thyroid due to chronic intake of residual radioactivity in the environment from fallout for Majuro and Kwajalein residents, and for Utrik and Rongelap Island community members, born in three different years: 1930 or before, 1953, and 1957. Doses for Utrik and Rongelap community members accountfor relocations (see Simon et al. 2010, Table 3). Note different y-axis scaling of each panel. the equivalent doses from chronic intakes of *’'™°Pu represented less than 1% of the total internal doses from chronic intakes; and "Bi: Along with “Co and '°’Cs,Bi wasone ofthe three radionuclides that were detected with regularity in gamma spectrometry analyses conducted until the mid-1990’s (Noshkin et al. 1997). A summary ofall the available data on the concentrations of *”’Bi in flesh samples of reef and pelagic fish collected from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls between 1964 and 1995 was published by Noshkinet al. (1997). Their analysis showed that: (1) the highest **’Bi concentrations, by far, were observed in goatfish, which is representative of reef fish, (2) at Enewetak Atoll, “Bi was lost from the environment with an effective half-time of 5.1 y, whereasat Bikini Atoll, only radioactive decay, with a half-life of 32.2 y, accountedfor the rate at which *”’Bi was disappearing from the lagoon, and (3) representa- tive concentrations of *’’Bi in goatfish flesh in 1978 were 8.1 Bq kg! at Bikini and 241.9 Bq kg' at Enewetak. Assuming, here again, that all of the radioactive contamination of the lagoons occurred in 1954, the time-integrated concentrations of *°’Bi in goatfish flesh from 1954 to infinity were estimated to be 630 Bq y kg' at Bikini and 46,000 Bq y kg' at Enewetak. Using an assumed daily consumption of 43 g of reef fish (Robison and Sun 1997), these time-integrated concentrations lead to lifetime doses to adults that