172

Health Physics

August 2010, Volume 99, Number 2

Table 8. Estimated acute intakes (kBq) of 24 selected radionuclides by representative adults of four population groups
from the Bravo test, the Castle (1954) series, which includes the Bravotest, and overall tests (Total). Doses for Utrik

and Rongelap Island communities accountfor relocations. All nuclides are fission products unless otherwise noted. All
values rounded to twosignificant digits.
Majuro residents
Radionuclide

Fe"
St
Sr
ey
BY
Zr
°°Mo
‘8Ruy
ORY
BimTe
By
OTe
1327
1337
135]
BIC
MOBa
MOFa
Mpa
Ce
1BCe
Ce
Spr
23°NIp?

Bravo

1.0
1.2
3.9
1.3
8.5
8.6
1.0
2.6
2.3
1.5
7.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
3.6
1.2
5.4
5.0
2.6
2.2
6.9
1.1
48
5.6

x
x
x
xX
x
X
x
X
x
x
X
xX
x
xX
X
x
xX
X
X
x
X
<x
x
X

10°
10°
107
107°
107!
107!
10!
107
107!
10°
10°
10!
10!
10!
107!
10°
10°
10°
1077
10°
10°
107!
107
10!

Kwajalein residents

Castle series

48x
5.7 X
1.9 x
1.5 x
1.1 x
4.0 x
3.2 x
1.2 x
1.1 x
3.3 X
3.1 x
4.9 x
5.1 x
2.6 X
4.1 x
54x
2.3 x
2.7 x
2.8 xX
9.8 x
1.6 <
5.3 X
5.5 X
1.7 X

107
10°
107?
107°
10°
10°
10!
1077
10°
10°
10!
10!
10!
10!
107!
107?
10!
10!
107
10°
10!
107!
107
10?

Total

5.6
6.6
2.2
7.6
1.8
4.7
3.8
5.5
1.3
4.2
3.7
5.9
6.1
3.4
8.4
6.4
2.7
3.1
1.2
1.2
2.0
6.2
1.2
2.0

X
X
x
X
x
x
X
x
x
x
x
x
X
X
xX
xX
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
X

Bravo

107°
10°
107°
107
10°
10°
10!
10°
10°
10°
10!
10!
10!
10!
107!
107?
10!
10!
10°?
10!
10!
107!
107!
10°

5.1
6.2
2.0
6.1
9.2
43
5.6
1.3
1.1
1.0
4.0
8.2
8.4
1.1
5.7
5.8
2.8
2.3
9.4
1.1
4.4
5.6
8.8
3.2

x
x
x
x
x
x
X
x
x
x
x
x
X
x
x
xX
x
X
x
x
x
X
X
X

1074
107!
1077
1077
107!
107!
10°
107
107!
10°
10°
10°
10°
10!
107!
107°
10°
10°
107
10°
10°
107?
10°?
10!

Castle series

6.5 xX
7.9 x
2.5 X
5.6 X
3.3 X
5.5 X
7.2 X
1.7 x
1.5 X
1.5 x
5.0 x
1.0 X
1.1 X
1.9 X
4.6 x
74x
3.5 X
2.7 x
5.7 X
1.4 x
6.3 X
72x
9.8 x
4.2 X

1077
10°
10°
10°
10!
10°
10!
107?
10°
10!
10!
10°
107
10°
10!
10°
10!
10!
10°
10!
10!
107!
10°
10?

Total

9.7
1.1
3.8
5.9
4.0
7.8
1.1
6.1
2.2
2.2
7.5
1.6
1.6
2.7
5.2
1.1
5.2
4.0
6.1
2.0
9.1
1.1
1.1
6.2

X
x
x
xX
x
X
X
X
x
x
xX
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
X
x
x
x
x
X

107°
10!
10°?
10°
10!
10°
10?
10°
10°
10!
10!
10?
10?
10?
10!
107!
10!
10!
10°
10!
10!
10°
10!
10?

* Activation products.

individual weather observers likely received intakes of
varied magnitude depending on their work activities during
the hours that fallout was deposited.
Acute intakes of any radionuclide resulting from
fallout from any test for representative residents of
each atoll. Table 8 presents our estimates of acute intake
for the 24 radionuclides contributing the largest doses
to adults at four representative communities (Majuro
residents, Kwajalein residents, Utrik community, and

Rongelap Island community).** These four communi-

ties represent the range of exposuresto fallout radioactivity from smallest to largest, both in terms of
deposition on the ground (Fig. 2 of Simonet al. 2010),
external dose, and internal dose from ingested radioactivity. Intakes presented in Table 8 are from the
1954 Bravotest, from the entire Castle series (all 1954
tests including Bravo), and cumulative overall tests.

Rongelap and Utrik populations. Because of the relocations of the Rongelap and Utrik communities following Bravo to the mid-latitude Kwajalein Atoll and
the southern Majuro Atoll (Table 3, Simon et al.

2010), members of those communities did not receive

all their intakes at their homeatoll.
Depending on the half-life of the radionuclide and
the transit time of fallout from the test site to the southern
atolls, the southern atolls (represented here by Majuro)
had acute intakes estimated to be 0.01% to 2% of those
received by the more highly exposed Rongelap population. In terms of absolute activity ingested among adult
residents of these four atolls, Majuro residents would

have had the lowest intake. For example, adult Majuro

residents would have had about 6% and 9% of the '*'1
and '°’Cs intake (cumulative overall tests), respectively,

of adult Utrik community members, and about 1%, and

The intake estimates account for relocations of the

2%, respectively, of the intakes of adult Rongelap Island
community members.

* Note to reader: A distinction is made in this paper between
“residents” of either Majuro and Kwajalein and “community members” of Rongelap Island or Utrik Atoll. In the former case, we are
referring to anyone living permanently on those atolls during the
testing period. In the latter case, we are referring to the entire group of
persons exposed on either Rongelap Island or Utrik Atoll and who
were members of the group relocated from each of those atolls.

Chronic intakes
Annualintakes of the five long-lived radionuclides
(Fe, Co, °Zn, *Sr, '°’Cs) giving the largest doses
werecalculated for the 26 population groups considered
in this study for the years 1948 to 1970. Cumulative

Select target paragraph3