170 Health Physics colon from chronic intakes for each of the 26 population groups considered were calculated as the products of the annual intakes and the annual dose coefficients developed for the purposesof this paper Asthe doses result from the consumption of seafood and ofterrestrial foodstuffs primarily contammated through root uptake, the radioactive materials were assumed to be im soluble form and the alimentary tract absorption fractions (f, values) that we selected for the calculation of the annual dose coefficients were those recommended by the ICRP 1m tts Publication 72 (ICRP 1996) August 2010, Volume 99, Number 2 exception of the year 1954 for the population groups that were evacuated asa result ofthe fallout from the Bravo test, which took place on 1 March 1954 In thatcase, the chronic dosecalculation for the Bravo test was done separately from the calculation of the dose resultmg from all other tests that took place m 1954 FINDINGS The primary purpose of the models and calculations described here were to estrmate (1) empirically-based acute for ingestion by membersofthe public, rather than for particulate fallout as used for acute mtakes intakes of "I by adults among the Marshallese and Amer- that for a given test giving rise to a given mtakerate of nuclides by representative Marshallese of six age groups from mfancy to adulthoodatall mhabited atolls from each of 20 nuclear tests (plus acute mtakes by adult military The calculation of the doses takes mto account (1) a given radionuclide soon after the test, the anual mtake of a person of a given age varies from year to year due to radioactive decay and environmentalloss, (2) the dose for a given intake1s delivered over several years, and (3) both the mtakes and the dose coefficients varied as a function of age The formulation shown im eqns (12a) through (12c) was used Forthe year of thetest, called yl D(o, 1, age, yl) = g(z, age, yl) X DC(o, 1, age, yl) (12a) Forthe following year, called y2 D(o, 1, age, y2) = qt, age, yl) X DC(o, 1, age, y2) + g(t, age, y2) X DC(o, 1, age, yl) (12b) For the following year, called y3 D(o, 1, age, y3) = q(t, age, yl) X DC(o, 1, age, y3) + q(t, age, y2) X DC(o, 1, age, y2) + q(t, age, y3) X DClo, 1, age, yl), (12c) where D =the absorbed dose (mGy), 1 =the radionuchde under consideration, age = the age at intake, o=one of the four organs considered (RBM, thyroid, stomach wall, or colon wall), q =the annualintake (Bq), and DC =the annual dose coefficient (mGy Bq”') Given the large uncertamties m the annual intakes resulting from eachtest, we judged 1t sufficient to group the intakes from the tests that occurred m a given year and to assume that the summed mtake was due to a single test that was detonated on | July of that year This procedure was used for all population groups and for all years, with the ican military weather observers on Rongerk using urme bioassay data, (2) acute mtakes of '*'l and 62 other radio- weather observers on Rongerik at the ome of Bravo), (3) chrome itakes of residual fallout radioactivity m_ the environment at all mhabited atolls during the years 1948 through 1970, and (4) mternal doses to four ussues or organs (RBM,thyrord, stomach wall and colon wall) from all estimated mtakes The following sections describe fmdings from the mtake models and dose calculations Acute intakes of “I from urine samples As a necessary step to estimating intakesofall the radionuclides considered in this analysis, by persons of all ages, we first derived emprrically-based estimates of the mtake of "I by adults on three atolls where bioassay was conducted (Marshallese on Rongelap Island, Marshallese on Ailmgmae, and American military weather observers on Rongerk) usmg data from Harris (1954) and Harms et al (2010) via eqn (1) Four different average values of the ‘I mtake were estimated smce urme samples from the Rongelap Island group were collected on two different days The data used to estrmate "31] mtake, as well as the results of the calculations, are shown im Table 7 Estrmated average takes of "I by adults on Rongelap Island and Ailinginae were about 3,600 and 1,300 kBq, respectively Intakes of “I by younger ages were assumed to have been smaller as described bythe scalmg factors discussed m the previous section and presented m Table 2 For the age groups 13-17 y, 8-12 y, 3-7 y, 1-2 y, and <I y, the estimates of acute mtake of “"I on Rongelap were 3,150, 2,100, 1,400, 1,050, and 1,400 Bq, respectively Corresponding ™'T acute mtakes at Ailmgmae were about 37% of the intakes at Rongelap Only adults were on Rongenkat the time ofthe Bravo test, their mtakes of "I were about 1,700 kBq Estimates of acute mtakes of '*'I were converted to "Cs intakes for the purposeof estrmatmg the intakes of