3 the changes in mortality rates and birth weights are due to one cause, then the evidence is quite persuasive that radiation caused the changes. However, we do not believe these assumptions to be valid. 4. I believe the study is of sufficient interest that a follow up should be done to either confirm or deny the conclusions. 5. I told Miss Manning that PHS had done similar studies, but related to leukemia and thyroid disease, in Utah and Nevada, since 1957 and had found no significant changes from pre-testing data. I also told her that we had planned a more detailed evaluation of the vital statistics of Utah and Nevada, as related to all parameters for which a radiation etiology had been suggested, but due to budgetary restrictions funds were not available for the studies. 6. I discussed similar studies, and the papers at the Ninth Annual Hanford Biology Symposium, in relation to the Sternglass paper. About 50% would support the Sternglass position, and an equal number refuted the conclusions of Dr. Sternglass. Following Dr. Sternglass' paper at the Biology Symposium there was consider- able discussion, both as formal papers and as informal discussion. Most comments were on the Troy-Albany part of the Sternglass paper. This is the aspect about which the Deputy Commissioner of Health of New York State was "quite incensed with the half-truths presented.'"" The general concensus of the Symposium was that Sternglass misrepresented some facts, misinterpreted others, and that he ignored other facts in the study. Records showed four cases of leukemia in 1946 and nine in 1965, but no account was taken of the comparable increase in Troy-Albany population for the same period. Sternglass used raw data rather than rates per 100,000 population. If rates are used, there is no significant increase in leukemia. Several of the 1965 leukemia cases were not resident, nor were their parents resident in the Troy-Albany area at the time of the 1953 fallout. Almost all persons at the Hanford Biology Symposium had very serious doubts of the validity of the Troy-Albany data, and the way of presentation. This caused them to also have doubts about the other data of Dr. Sternglass. That there is correlation between irradiation and leukemia incidence is accepted by most investigators. However, the predominant feeling is that the "doubling dose" for leukemia in children is not the 0.1 R reported by Sternglass, but a mukh larger dosage. Dr. Alice Stewart (who a few years back reported an increased incidence of leukemia in England following irradiation for ankylosing spondylitis) said that she now believes that the increased incidence of childhood leukemia is indirectly due to antibiotics. She reasons this way: children now dying of leukemia, would have died of infections before living long enough to