P_ Radiation Safety and Cleanup Preparations 19] supervised island access and insured that the above procedures were followed. Personnel leaving a controlled island were monitored, logged, and decontaminated if necessary. Contamination levels, both before and vehicle or after decontamination, were recorded in the access logs. No other item of equipment was allowed to leave a controlled island until it was monitored and, if required, decontaminated. Where necessary, contaminated items were packaged and appropriately labeled. 33 Because of the nonuniform distribution of the contamination on many of the controlled islands, hot lines were established which separated the contaminated area from the clean area. In these cases, personnel arrived and departed in the clean area, and the hotlines served as the island access point. Hot lines were established upwind, or within 90 degrees of upwind of the worksite, as close to thesite as practical, and in a clear area. The hot line was positioned in an area where the background dose rate was less than 50 microroentgens per hour (uR/hr) and the concentration of transuranic elements in the soil was less than 40 pCi/g.34 Here, an additional access log was kept to provide a record of personnel data, dosimeter numbers, and applicable personnel protection level. FRST members insured that individuals entering the radiologically controlled area were wearing the proper protective equipmentfor that area. When processing out of the controlled area, all personnel, equipment, and vehicles were monitored and decontaminated as necessary. Protective equipment was removed following the procedures outlined in Army Field Manual, FM 3-15, Nuclear Accident Contamination Control.35 Because of the large size of the contaminated area on some islands, a clean spot within the hot area was occasionally designated as a break area. The siting requirements for a hot line—upwind and in contamination-free area—were met. After being monitored by the FRST and decontaminated as necessary, personnel could eat, drink, and smoke within the break area. Another way of keeping exposure to a minimum is to keep the radiation away from the individual. When an individual entered a radiation area, several procedures were used to minimize exposure. The most basic, and most important, of these made use of the wind. From the day personnel arrived on the atoll until the day they left, continuous indoctrination and instruction emphasized staying upwind from any contaminated area, any soil-moving operation, and any dustproducing operation. For example, personnel were instructed to walk on the upwind shoulder of the road so that any dust raised by a passing vehicle would be blownclear. The ‘‘upwind’’ policy was substantially aided by: (1) the steadiness of the northeast trade winds, which made the upwind Sectors quite predictable for most days during large portions of the year; and (2) the strength of these trade winds (15-25 knots on the average) SERRE