much direct information about transuranic elements.
Thus, the present
work was undertaken to correct certain of these deficiencies, and provide
further information.
This paper is a progress report of what has been accomplished to date,
primarily with material published before the early sixties.
Consequently, most cratering shots have not as yet been considered in detail.
The properties to be reported here are density, color, and specific
activity.
The first two properties are rather nonspecific and are dealt
with rather briefly.
The specific activity, however, is dealt with in
some detail.
Its general behavior as a function of particle size will
be sketched, though not all relevant data have as yet been incorporated.
Completion of the project is planned within the next three months.

PHENOMENOLOGY

As a first step towards our attempt to bring some order to the mass of

data on radioactive fallout particles, we are presenting here a brief

review of those early processes which are relevant to the generation of
cloud particles.
We focus first on the distinction between worldwide fallout, intermediate
fallout, and close-in or local fallout and their relationship to various
kinds of tests.
The different types of fallout mentioned are qualitatively distinguished by their distance of occurrence from the location
of the test.
Local fallout is present in the immediate environment of
the shot point, such as within the boundaries of the Nevada Test Site.
Intermediate fallout is found beyond the region of occurrence of local
fallout, perhaps for several hundred miles or more.
Worldwide fallout
occurs beyond the region of intermediate fallout.
The occurrence and
the relative magnitude of these different kinds of fallout depend on the
particle sizes present in the cloud and on the altitude at which the
cloud stabilizes, as the main mechanism for the appearance of fallout on
the surface of the earth is gravitational settling through the atmosphere.
Thus, the mean particle size of the fallout decreases with increasing
distance from the shot point.
This is not necessarily true anymore for
worldwide fallout because the particle sizes are sufficiently small for
these particles to remain suspended, and to be carried to the surface by
moving air parcels and surface-air exchange mechanisms other than deposition by simple gravitational settling.
For bursts occurring at the surface of soil or rock and above, the mean
size of the cloud particles generally decreases with increasing height

of burst, scaled to some reference yield such as 1 kiloton or 1 megaton.

Thus, a surface burst will yield considerable local fallout, whereas a
free-air burst yields virtually no local fallout.
Tower bursts are
intermediate between surface and airbursts; balloon shots approach freeair bursts with regard to deposition of fallout.

550

Select target paragraph3