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capabilities and limitations, a workable and effective control system for the
detection of violations.’’86 On 22 August, the day after the closing of the
conference, President Eisenhower declared the intention of this country to
negotiate with any other country on nuclear weapon test suspension. This
offer was accepted by the Soviet Union on 29 August 1958. The end of the
atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons wasset at 30 October 1958.
Hardtack II, a series of Il events, was conducted at the Nevada Test Site
between !2 September and 30 October, with the objective of completing as
much of the U.S. atmospheric testing program as possible. Although the
joint moratorium on testing by the United States and the Soviet Union
started on 31 October 1958,87 the Soviet test program was concludedlater,
with one test on | November and another on 3 November. Discussions to
formalize a ban on atmospheric nuclear testing were then underwayin
Geneva.
Three years later, on | September 1961, the Soviet Union announcedits
intention to resume nuclear testing, and the Soviets began testing within a
few days of the announcement. The United States was not prepared to
resume testing immediately, and it was not until April 1962 that the first
U.S. test was held. The U.S. program was code named Operation Dominic,
and it was conducted in the vicinity of Johnston Atoll and Christmas
Island in the central Pacific.88-89 In all, 34 events were conducted in the
eastern Pacific, commencing on 25 April and concluding on 4 November
1962.
The Limited Test Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union was signed in
September 1963, prohibiting nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere,
underwater, and in space, and permitting only underground testing. Since
then, the only atmospheric tests that have been reported have been held
by countries other than the United States, United Kingdom, and the
Soviet Union.
SUMMARY OF TEST EFFECTS
{Nauiicel Mites!
FIGURE 1-53. NUCLEAR DETONATION SITES ON ENEWETAK ATOLL.
Figure 1-54 lists the 43 events which were detonated during nuclear
weapons testing at Enewetak Atoll from 1948 to 1958.99 Each of these
tests produced some measurable effects on some part of the atoll, while a
number of them caused major changes in the topography of some islands.
In addition, noticeable changes were produced by the construction
operations required for test preparation and for the measurement and
recording of results. The following listing represents most of the visible
effects which nuclear weapons tests produced on Enewetak Atoll:
a. The islands of Elugelab and Lidilbut were removed, together with
most of Bokaidrikdrik (Helen) and Eleleron (Ruby).