including cancer, disturbances in vision probably due to cataracts, and deformities of birth are a part of the radiation injury, and that the continuing injury is in large part due to food-chain entry by long-lived radioactive elements. I strongly suspect that the leukemias were radiation induced. There are other areas about which I wonder and about which I am suspicious, but as I am told by the islanders yet have formed no firm opinion. that diabetes has become very common. When I spoke to the old people who remember the way the islands were before the nuclear testing, they all routinely deny that diabetes was a great problem for the inhabitants. Now as I speak to the Marshallese, I think that-they have more diabetes than the Navajo Indians, and I had always thought the highest incidence was among the Navajos. Although diabetes is exceedingly common among the Marshallese, I know of no direct radiation effect that causes diabetes. On the other hand, I do not know all that is to be known about food chain radiation injury and neither does anybody Our particular human experiences on radiation have else. been either with therapeutic radiation or the exterior Knowledge type of radiation at Hireshima and Nagasaki. about food-chain radiation:‘is scent and I am unable to say whether the diabetes is related to the radiation or not. There are some sexual problems among the males of the island, or among the females. A number of men from one atoll had told me that they ceveloped a failure of sexual interest after the explosions, this persisting, and in several cases their families did not expand after the bomb blasts. This also is likely radiation induced but I cannot say whether this is food-chain or whether this is perhaps external radiation coming from the soil, since the testicles are in an exposed position, particularly in people who so commonly sit on the ground or squat as do the people of the Marshall Islands. Immediate effects of the radiation occurred in scme individuals who spoke to me, these changes consisting of hair loss, and burns of the skin. The burns of the skin eccurred in those islanders in which there was a dusty, powdery fallout after the explosion called Bravo, which was effected by metereologic or inadvertence. There were