Meetings were held on 9 July 1947 at Los Alamos, New Mexico, to define test responsibilities for SANDSTONE. The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), the organization that had developed the wartime atomic weapons and that did research and laboratory development of new nuclear weapons designs, was to provide technical leadership and the military services were to provide supplies and support (5: 18). 4.3.2 SANDSTONE Test Operations. Numerous technical experiments were conducted in conjunction with each of the three detonations. These experiments measured the yield and efficiency of the devices and attempted to gauge the military effects of the events. The studies were similar at each of the shots but were carried out more precisely with YOKE and ZEBRA as collective experience grew (5: 2,102). Peak DOD numerical strength at SANDSTONE was approximately 11,500 participants, 95 percent of whom were military personnel. The DOD personnel had support roles and some had duty stations at the AEC weapons design and’ development laboratories or were part of units performing separate experiments (5: 1,2). 4.3.3 Dose Summary for Operation SANDSTONE. The dose limit for SANDSTONE participants was 0.1 rem of gamma radiation per 24-hour period and a maximum 3.0 rem for certain approved and specific missions (5: 2). The following table summarizes the available dosimetry information: Summary of External Doses for Operation SANDSTONE as of 1 May 1986 Gamma Dose (rem) 0-0.5 0.5-1 1-3 3-5 5-10 10+ Army 1,703 2 7 0 1 0 Navy 7,731 17 9 1 1 0 Air Force 2,075 27 8 1 0 0 Marine Corps 180 1 1 0 0 0 Civilian DOD 17 0 0 0 0 Participants 79