applied to the specific period of the film badges and to the comparable
activities of the exposed personnel, in order to validate the procedure and to

identify personnel activities that could have led to atypical doses.
Radiation dose from neutrons and dose commitments due to inhaled or
ingested radioactive material were not detected by film badges (3; 4).

Where

required, these values were calculated and recorded separately.
7.5.1

Characterization of the Radiological Environment.
This process described and defined the radiological conditions as a

function of time for all locations of concern, that is, where personnel were
positioned or where their activities took place.
was divided into the two standard categories:

The radiation environment

initial radiation and residual

radiation.
The initial radiation environment resulted from several types of gamma
and neutron emissions.

Prompt neutrons and gamma radiation were emitted at

the time of detonation, while delayed neutrons and fission-product gamma from
the decay of radioactive products in the fireball continued to be emitted as
the fireball rose.
radiation,

In contrast to these essentially point sources of

there was gamma radiation from neutron interactions with air and

soil, generated within a fraction of a second (5).

Because of the complexity

of these radiation sources and their varied interaction properties with air
and soil,

it was necessary to obtain solutions of the Boltzmann radiation

transport equation (6).

The radiation environment thus derived included the

effects of shot-specific parameters, such as weapon design and yield, neutron
and gamma output, source and target geometry, and atmospheric conditions.

The

calculated neutron and gamma radiation environments were checked for consistency with existing measured data.

In those few cases displaying signif-

icant discrepancies that could not be resolved, an environment based on

extrapolation of the data was used if it led to a larger calculated dose, such
as was done for reference 1.

The residual radiation environment was divided into two general
components:

the neutron-activated material that emitted, over a period of

time, beta and gamma radiation; and radioactive debris from the fission

170

Je 2.

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