The extensive radiation measurements and soil sample analyses taken by numerous Japanese and U.S. scientists in the weeks following the bombings are still available. These results and subsequent radiation measurements and sampling have formed the basis for intensive research over the past 40 years by Japanese and U.S. scientists of every aspect of the bombings and the radiation after-effects. The Japanese Government and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences have stimulated, supported, and advanced this research. Likewise, the history of the U.S. occupation of Japan is well documented in Army, Navy, and Marine Corps archives. It is known which units were present, when they arrived, where they were stationed, what their missions were, and when they left. From the above data, detailed technical dose reconstructions have determined the maximum possible radiation doses that might have been received by any participant. Chapter 7, Radiation Dose Determination, addresses this process, explaining the "worst case" analysis used to identify the highest possible dose. Using all possible "worst case" assumptions, the maximum possible dose any participant might have received from external radiation, inhalation, and ingestion is less than one rem. individual approached this exposure level. This does not mean that any In fact, it is probable that the great majority of personnel assigned to the Hiroshima and Nagasaki occupation forces received negligible radiation exposures and that the highest dose received by anyone was a few tens of millirem. This chapter has sketched a topic that has been detailed in many scientific studies, Government reports, and journalistic accounts. The following bibliography identifies a selection of these sources, which should be available through major public and university libraries. 162