Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapons Tests, which began in Geneva on 31 October 1958 and was attended by U.S., British, and Soviet delegates. On 1 November 1958, the U.S. unilaterally announced a test moratorium to begin on 1 November 1958, declaring a cessation in nuclear testing if the Soviet Union also refrained (21: 28). Because the testing and improvement of various nuclear weapons was crucial to American defense policy, a number of tests needed to be conducted before the moratorium began. On 28 August 1958, President Eisenhower approved an accelerated series of nuclear tests code named Operation MILLRACE to be completed at the NTS before the start of the moratorium. On 29 August 1958, by AEC directive, the name of the series was changed to Operation HARDTACK, Phase II (21: 28,29). 4.17.2 HARDTACK II Test Operations. An estimated 1,650 DOD personnel took part in HARDTACK II. This ¢ participation was relatively small compared with previous nuclear weapons testing series because of the weapons development emphasis of the program and because of the substantial DOD involvement (about 16,000 personnel) in HARDTACK I. The primary DOD involvement in HARDTACK II was at Shots HAMILTON and HUMBOLDT, the two weapons effects tests cosponsored by the DOD and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Projects at these tests were planned to develop delivery systems for small nuclear devices, to design military equipment that could withstand the effects of a nuclear detonation, and to determine the military requirements for future nuclear device designs. In addition to participation in these projects, DOD personnel at HARDTACK II provided air and ground support, including radiological safety monitoring, and administrative staff support (21: 1,29,2). 4.17.3 Dose Summary for Operation HARDTACK II. HARDTACK II participants, with the exception of AFSWC personnel on cloudsampling missions, were limited to a gamma plus neutron dose of 3.0 rem per calendar quarter or a total of 5.0 rem per year. The AFSWC personnel involved in cloud sampling were permitted to receive up to 10.0 rem during the series. Individuals who participated in cloud sampling at HARDTACK II who were 127