1952 to generate the very powerful detonation of the MIKE device in Operation IVY, but MIKE was not a deliverable nuclear weapon. In BRAVO, the first CASTLE test, a device more powerful than MIKE was exploded that, although not a weapon, was capable of delivery by an aircraft (13: 26). CASTLE also was the first Pacific series in which the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) provided a nuclear device for testing, detonated as Shot KOON. All previous nuclear test devices had been designed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (13: 26). 4.10.2 CASTLE Test Operations. Numerous technical experiments were carried out in conjunction with each of the six detonations. These experiments measured the yield and efficiency of the devices and attempted to gauge the military effects of the explosions. The approximately 12,700 DOD participants in this series had duty stations at the AEC design laboratories or were members of units performing separate experiments or various support roles. Almost all of the Navy support person- nel were at Bikini, where Navy ships provided living quarters for participants who were evacuated from the islands for the first test and then could not return to live there because of the potential radiation exposure (13: 2). 4.10.3 Dose Summary for Operation CASTLE. Among the CASTLE detonations, only BRAVO produced significant, unexpected personnel radiation exposures. This first shot of the series, which signif- icantly exceeded its expected yield, released large quantities of radioactive materials into the atmosphere. These materials were caught up in winds that spread the particles over a much larger area than had been anticipated. This resulted in contamination and exposure of Marshall Island residents, Japanese fishermen, and U.S. personnel on distant atolls or aboard various vessels. Acute radiation effects were observed among some of these people (13: 3). Some DOD personnel exceeded the maximum permissible limit of 3.9 rem of gamma radiation within any 13-week period of the operation. BRAVO fallout on some Navy ships resulted in personnel who had doses approaching or exceeding this limit. To allow for completion of the CASTLE tests, it became necessary to issue a number of waiver authorizations permitting doses of as much as 105