EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
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4 Hamihon, J. G. Rev. Mod. Phynées, 20: 718, 1948.
? Handbous 52, U. 8. Dept. of Commereer, National Bureau of Mandards.
general, long radiological and biological halflives and produce high-energy beta particles.
Thes, they cause yreater damage to bone and to
the radiowensitive bone marrow than to other
tissnex. The damage tothe blood forming tissue
results in a reduction of blood cells, and thus
affects the entire body.
Information on the biological effects of in-
atudiedt in animals by Hamilton (1). .\brame
hhimited studies of accidental radioisotopic poisoning in humans, of from animal experimentation. “The best documented data on the effects
of small amounts of internally deposited emittersin homan betngs are obtained fron studies
of radium poisoning. As a result of radium .
deposition, terminal anemia, bone necrosis and
osteogenic sarcoma appeared after a number of
years. The residual activite in the body associated with these effect-4. 1 to 2 micrograms
a nuclear device. For example, no internal
contamination was detected in individuals exposed to the air burst at Nagasaki and Hiroshima,
In Held texts of the contaminating type of
atowne detonation, animals that inhaled fission
ternalls deposited isntopes is derived from the
of radium. Radium is a particularly hazardous element when depouted internally because
of ts Jong biological and radiological half-life.
Very few data are available on the long term
biological effects in human beings of the shorter
lived immMopes such as Se? ['") P™ and Na*.
The metabolisn, excretion and biological effects
of a number of fission products have been
(2), Bloom(33). However, most of these studies
do nat cover the problem of the long term effects
in animals produced by small amounts of in-
ternally deposited isotopes.
Few «lata are available concerning the effects
of internal contamination with mixed fission
products from naclear detonations,
Contami-
nation is not produced by every detonation of
products during short periods of exposure were
found to have insignificant amounts of internal
contamination.
The long termeffects (primarily malignant
changes) resulting from radium deposition have
been used to set the limits for maximum permussible bady concentrations of a few bone seeirIng racdhoisetopes in the body (5). Maximum
permissible body content of other radioisotopes
are estimated on quantities resulting in a cose
of O43 rem per week to the tissue of highest
CONnCENT rattan.