from late 1958 until September 1961. On September 1, 1961, the Soviet Union suddenly broke the moratorium with an extensive series of tests and the conference collapsed soon after, “4 When the Soviets broke the moratorium President John F. Kennedy had been studying the issue of test resumption. After a personal appeal to Chairman Khrushchev failed, President Kennedy ordered the resumption of ‘American tests and the Commission responded with the Nougat series in Nevada. The next year the Cammission continued Nougat at Nevada and launched the Dominic’ series in the Pacific. Most Nevada tests were underground, except for three atmospheric shots and a cratering experiment. Again the Defense Department conducted training exercises, which involved troop manuevers, in conjunction with the one atmospheric shot. The Pacific series, which began on April 25, 1962 consisted almost entirely of atmospheric shots. Included in the series was an underwater & and five hich altitude shots. By the end of the year the Comis- sion had announced 61 shots at Nevada and 36 shots in the Pacific.‘ The Nevada tests had included two shots from a new Comission program called Plowshare. Originating at the Livermore laboratory in 1957 the objective of Plowshare was to use muclear explosives ‘for peaceful purposes such as large-scale excavation projects, power pro- - duction, isotope production, and the recovery of oil from shale, tar sands, or depleted wells. studies and field The program consisted of both laboratory experiments. By late 1961 the Cocnmission hac Getonated the Gnome explosion to explore the possibility of reccvering useful heat eneroy and valuable isotopes from a miclear explosion. The Project Sedan experiment at Nevada in July 1962 studied the usefulness