conditions. The activities even included such exceptional measures as the construction, transport and use of whole-body counting, and x-ray including mammography examinations. These are well-documented (7). In addition, state of the art medical surveillance and care was modified when applicable to incorporate newer procedures as they becameavailable. The efforts to collect, study and publish information describing what occurred were complete and admirable. Efforts to perform epidemiological research using these data were very aggressive, considering the lack of accurate background incidence data and other factors discussed in Section 5.5. 5.3 Primary Purposes of Medical Surveillance The medical surveillance that began in 1955 in response to the contamination of the Marshall Islanders from the Bravo test should have been planned for the following primary purposes: e ’ To assess the need for additional medical services to treat conditions caused by deterministic doses of radiation, or by secondary infection of the primary radiation skin damage, e To detect and ensure early treatment for the medical conditions that were known or assumed to be associated with radiation, e To augmentthe local medical care resources in order to make the diagnosis and treatmentof radiation-induced medical conditions possible, e To determine, describe and documentall medical conditions which resulted in the exposed population over time, including the recording of mortality data including the causes of death, when known, and e To record and identify any unexpected health outcomes that possibly were related 31