34+ Table 14 Serum Iron Levels (With Hematocrit) Subject No. Hematocrit Serum iron, wg 2 a 6 13 29 30 34 65 70 83 86 843 860 865 912 929 36 37 36 34 30 32 34 37 6 35 34 36 37 35 31 37 122 108 78 83 139 104 104 100 69 96 83 135 91 96 131 96 69 and 78 (both with low hematocrits) were subnormal. Glucosuria Routine urine analysis carried out on 87 indi- viduals showed positive sugar reactionsin 8 persons, one exposed (No. 66, age 36) and 7 unexposed (No. 853, age 56; No. 893, age 40; No. 916, age 39; No. 920, age 29; No. 956, age 53; No. 961, age 68; and No. 991, age 53). Unfortunately, blood sugar determinations were not possible. As noted before, the incidence of diabetes in the Marshallese appears to be higher than in the United States population. These cases were of the chronic type with no acute manifestations. In 1959, as reported previously, however, an unexposed womandied of uterine infection complicating diabetes. Protein Bound lodine; Serum Phosphorus and Calcium These levels were determined in 6 children, 4 of whom showedevidenceof retarded growth and development ( Nos. 2, 3, 6, and 65; see Table 10). The PBI values found varied from 8.0 to 12.0 y/100 ml. Since particular care had been taken andspecially cleaned glassware used,the slightly high values found appeared to be valid and substantiated the earlier findingsofslightly increased levels, particularly since the samples were analysed at a different laboratory than previously. No ex- planation is apparentfor this finding. The calcium levels were a little on the high side of normal and the phosphoruslevels, normal. Thus there was no indication that the impairment in growth and development noted in these children wasrelated to these findings. STUDIES OF GENETICALLY INHERITED TRAITS Gm Phenotypes These determinations were run on sera that had been obtained in 1959. No further studies of genetically inherited traits were carried out during the 1961 survey. The results on Gm phenotypes on each individual are presented in Appendix 3. The Micronesians were found to be 100% Gm'"*”’ and nearly 100% Gm'*"'. There was a complete ab- sence of Gm* anda high frequency of Gm-like (Gm‘). Table 15 shows the frequencies in percent of Gm factors in the Marshallese (Micronesians) and various other populations. The following is taken from a summaryof the paper by Steinberget al.” “Whites have a relatively low frequency of Gm?*, high frequency of Gm* and Gm��, and have no Gm-like. The African and Micronesian populations have a high frequency of Gm?*, Gm?, and Gm-like, and have no Gm*. North American Indians have a high frequency of Gm* and Gm* (higher than whites), a low frequency of Gm’, and have no Gm-like. Eskimos have a similar pattern, but mayhave a lower frequencyof Gm‘*. ‘The genetic aspects of the Gm factorsarediscussed. Whites appear to have alleles Gm*, Gm**, and Gm’. It is tentatively suggested that among colored populations, alleles Gm®", Gm**, and Gm°"° tnay occur, where c represents Gm-like.” Estimation of Internal Body Burden of Radionuclides BACKGROUND For large scale surveys, such as the Marshallese surveys, measurement with whole-body gamma counters (both liquid scintillation detectors and crystal detectors) has proved to be the mostsatisfactory technique. Early evaluation of the body burdensof the people of Rongelap wascarried out by radiochemical urinalysis, which is time con-