& . . 4M we, oy aw eA : . ia et ~ . wll - . . 7 et, ee an 7 a ie 5 4, rah, awe * , ~ . , a, ‘ " * ae FIGURE 7.—A downtown Las Vegas window, showing howthe glass was sucked out by the rarefaction wave, rather than pushed in by the compression wave resulting from the November 1, 1951, nuclear test at the Nevada Test Site. been no significant structural damages from refracted blast waves since good predictive methods have been developed. There has been no known case of direct injury to man or animals from the refracted blast waves. Evaluation The predictive procedures developed resulted in greatly minimizing: off-site damage from blast effects. In fact, there have been only incidents of single windows being damaged oo wl cS cS ar since 1953. 22 Two occurred in 1955 and a third in 1957.