Table 15 Average Estimate of Activity Intake from Cistern Water Rongelap Island Bq 1351 1347 1337 133my 1327 1317 7.8xl10° 14x10 1.0x105 1.5x103 4.1x102 7.8x10% yCi 21 3.8 28 0.040 11 2.1 Sifo Island Bq wCci 1.7xl02 6.7x10% l. 6x10° 6.7x107—s5.9x10* 1.1x10* 4.7 1.8 4.2 0.018 1.6 0.29 Utirik Island Bq 6.7xl10* 2.6x102 1.4x10° 3.4x10* pci 1.8 7.0 3.9 0.93 and prepared foods such as cooked pumpkin, starch tubes, rice, and bread products over open campfires (see Figure 13). In addition, fish was normally dried on open air racks prior to intake. d. Activity Ingested with Meals. Most of the activity fell at Rongelap Island during preparation of the midday and evening meals. Fallout was visible even on peoples' skin, and caused itching, sneezing, and coughing (Sh57). The living pattern of the Marshallese led to direct ingestion of BRAVO fallout in amounts which can be estimated on the basis of meal intake and if the I activity measured in urine is used as a normalization point. The living patterns at Utirik and Sifo were similar to those at Rongelap (Na80). No alteration in daily routine was thought to occur and no attempt at removing visible fallout from food was reported by persons evacuated from Rongelap or Sifo Islands (Sh57). Fallout was distributed on the surface ofRongelap Igland at 0.5 day post-detonation at a level of about 3.7 x 10/9 Bq a2 (1 Ci m7?) (see Table 13). This was in agreement with soil sample results obtained on March 8, 1954 (0C68). On the basis of a conversion factor given by the persons doing the soil analysis (0C68), the measured soil specific activity was converted to activity per unit area at 0.5 day post-detonation for comparison purposes. Their value for Rongelap Island based on four samples, was 2.0 x 1019 + 2.7 x 1010 Bg m2 (0.53 £0.72 Ci m2). Random soil sampling was done at Utirik Island, Sifo Island, Eniwetak Island, and other islands at Rongelap, Ailingnae, Utirik, and Rongerik Atolls (0C68). At the end of fallout deposition at Utirik Island, which we estimated to be 1.5 days post detonation, the surface activity based on one soil sample was 1.0 x 1910 Bq m (0.27 Ci m-2) This very large result does not agree with estimates we derive from exposure-rate measurements. At this activity per unit “retthe exposure | rate 1.5 days post-detonation should have been 8.3 x 104 ¢ kg” 1 1 (3.2 R ho ly, however, the island average was estimated - 45 -