Ty AS BS ieoR Ae See oe a we CONTENTS , et here ee Page INTRODUCTION.... 0... ccc cece ccc cece teen eee nee n cere eee e ee ee een emetanceeeseee 31 WHAT HAPPENS DURING AN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSION eeeeees 32 Microseconds ............ cece cece eet ere eee enc ee ee ab ec eeen esse teen rereescnerece 32 Milliseconds . 0.0.20... ccc cece cece eee ence een een n ete eee seen ener teeter eres 32 Tenths of a Second .......... 00. cece cece nee e cece eee e renee eee cence sees ese eeeeree 32 A Few Seconds .......... ccc ccc eee c cece nen cee erence ence ne ne asteeeenereeereneas 32 Minutes to DayS .... 0... cece cece cece eee e cence eee e tee re eens nen etre onan enen 32 WHY NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS REMAIN CONTAINED ...........0 2c. eceeee eens SELECTING LOCATION, DEPTH, AND SPACING: ............ 00. ccceeeee eee eeee REVIEWING A TEST SITE LOCATION.......... 0... cece cece ence cnet ence ce eenes CONTAINMENT EVALUATION PANEL .............0-. 2 cece eee cneeeeeetenaee CONTAINING VERTICAL SHAFT TESTS........... 02. cece cece cece eee e eee e eee CONTAINING HORIZONTAL TUNNEL TESTS .........0 00.0 e cece cece nce e ee eeee TYPES OF RADIATION RELEASES .............- 2. cece cece cet eee e eect tenes 34 35 37 38 40 41 46 Containment Failure: ............. 0. 0c ce cece cece cece nee e ret eecseeeremenetenees 46 Late-Time Seep 2.0.2... 0c cece cece ec cence ene e ncn e eae r eee e en eeeeteeeteeeees 46 Controlled Tunnel Purging ...........0.. 00. c cece cece cet cen erence tenet teeestennes 47 Operational Release ......... 0... cece eee ence nec e eee n cence nee e ete e nee eeneeeeaee RECORD OF CONTAINMENT. ........... 0. cece cece cece cence cece sence eneteenees Containment Evaluation Panel ............. sence cece ee ce eee n ence eee eee tence eens Vertical Drill Hole Tests 2.0.22... 0... c cece cece cence cence eect ee ee ne eteeeeeeeaee Horizontal Tunnel Tests .......... 0... cece cece eee c cece nace cece ence ete enceeeceee From the Perspective of Human Health Risk ........... 0.0... cece cece cece eee eee A FEW EXAMPLES:..0.. 00... cc cece cence eee eee n eee nett eee ence eeenees IS THERE A REAL ESTATE PROBLEM AT NTS? ........... 00.0 cece cece cece eeeee TIRED MOUNTAIN SYNDROME?........... 2... ccc c eee c nce e ce te een cweneeeeeees HOW SAFE IS SAFE ENOUGH?........ 0... cece cece eee cence ce tereeneneneeeaees Box Box 47 47 47 48 43 49 49 51 51 54 Page 3-A. Bameberry ..... 0c cece cence nce tent eee eben nett eee cesta ee eteeees 33 Figures Figure Page 3-1. Formation of Stress ‘‘Containment Cage”’ ................ 2c e cece cece eee eeceees 35 3-2. Minimum Shot Separation for Drill Hole Tests ................. 2 cece cece neces 38 3-3. Minimum Shot Separation for Tunnel Tests ................... 0. cece eee eee ees 39 3-4. ““Typical’’ Stemming Plan.............. 0.0. c cece cece cere rete een e cece ten eees 41 3-5. Three Redundant Containment Vessels ............... 0.20. cece cece cece eee ees 42 3-6. Vessel Doo. ccc ccc cence ce eee nee n eee teen ee te een teseeeeeeennens 43 3-7, Vessel I Closures ..... 0.0... cc ccc ccc cece nce eee eee n eee et ee eee teeeeteneees 44 3-8,Tunnel Closure Sequence .......... 0... c cece cece cece eee cee ee eeneeteeeneeees 45 3-9. Typical Post-Shot Configuration ............. 0.00... cece eee eee eee eet e eee e eee 46 3-10. Radius of Decrease in Rock Strength .............. cc cccec cece cceceeeeeceeneces 53 Table . Table Page 3-1. Release From Underground Tests ...........0 00 ccc ceee see e eer e sec necneeenecenen 48 eT