116 DASA 2019-2 CONARD: They must have inhaled some from the cloud as it passed over but the majority of the radioiodine absorbed probably came through contaminated drinking water since it rained the night of the fallout. Moreover the people were on water rationing, every_one receiving about a pint a day including the children. So most of it was in the drinking water. WARREN: Yes. It would be scrubbed out in the rain. CONRAD: So, during the years the Marshallese people have remained generally in good health and we have not seen any illnesses or any deaths that we could directly relate to the radiation eifects except for the thyroid situation which I will come to shortly and the one death in the case of the Japanese fishermen. They have heen healthy over the years. As far as mortality is concerned, 15 deaths have occurred among the 84 in the most heavily exposed group, which represent about 13 per thousand, and this is compared to abait 8 per thousand in the Marshall Islands as a whole. So we do have some increase in mortality but whether this is significant in such small numbers it is difficult to say. We have a greater number of older people in the original Rongelap group also. As far as malignancy is concerned, there have been two cases of cancer in the exposed group plus one case of cancer of the thyroid. So we have to keep an open mind as to whether we will eventually have an increased incidence of cancer. Again, the numbers are small. As far as the skin i3 concerned, the only fate effect that we have noted in the Marshallese is in the appearance of moles, benign nevi, in the areas that were more heavily irradiated. Figure 12 shows some of the moles that have developed in the case of one wornan wio had fairly clear ulcerations on the side of her neck early after fallout during the acute period. Figure 13 shows residual scarring resulting from a severe "beta burn’ of the ear. Figure 14 shows a cause of one of the Japanese fishermen. I took this in Japan four years ago. It shows an area of permanent alopecia. The Marshallese hair all regrew except that in one case there was a slight alopecia, but in the Japanese fishermen there are two cases that still show some degree of alopecia, that is, a permanent bald area from the radiation. Some of the fishermen had "beltline”’ lesions with some degree cf blood vessei dilatation (telangiectasia).