Zero racks were provided for each surface and underwater experiment.

A total of 32 racks were used.
On four experiments, TU-5 installed and operated a recording system

to monitor temperature and humidity at the zero point.
At the Parry and Enyu control points, TU-5 employed a new world
time clock accurate to a 0.1 msec and a series of Bhangmeters to record

preliminary yield information.

These pieces of equipment were triggered by

light from the explosion. At each control point a weather radar system was
employed to assure good line of sight to the diagnostic stations.
The timing and firing systema successfully detonated 32 surface and
underwater shots. The Bikini system was used on 10 UCRL shots. The Eniwetok systems were used to detonate 15 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
experiments, 2 DOD underwater events, and 5 UCRL experiments. The Boxer
system synchronized timing with the Sandia system. The Johnston system
synchronized experimental signal requirements with the ABMA missile system.
World time was recorded on 29 surface shots, Light to minimum

records, which gave an early approximation of yield, were obtained on 27
surface shots.

Approximately 4200 signala were transmitted. The timing system
functioned properly on all events. Two postponements were experienced on

Bikini Atoll due to signal cable failures.

A ship's power failure on event

Wahoo caused loss of some experimental data.
Technical Photography. TU-5 performed technical photography of the
visible aspects of all detonations as a service to the Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory, the Livermore laboratory, and the Department of Defense. The
major tasks on Laboratory eventa were to photograph fireball growth for
determination of yield and to record cloud growth and motion. DOD projects

entailed much more detailed photography of specific underwater and high

altitude phenomena.
For the Laboratory shots, camera stations were located on Bikini and
Eniwetok Atolls. A total of 10 stations were activated. At least two stations were used on each detonation to provide accurate determination of
fireball growth and cloud formation. To maintain dual capability, the major
stations were outfitted to cover at least two zero sites. This was attained
by providing two independent systems of cameras at each of six locations.
For AEC requirements Eastman High Speed, Mitchell High Speed, Triad,
Fastax, and Rapatronic cameras were used.
Photographic commitments for the DOD necessitated the outfitting of
23 separate stations. These stations were on land, lagoon barges, shipboard,
and in aircraft.
All photo stations were completely automatic, being initiated by hardwire or radio signals and controlled discrete timers. Film recoveries were
made as soon as possible after each event and processed in the trailer fa-

cilities on Parry Island.

Approximately 150,000 ft of photographic film was exposed in the course
of Hardtack. Preliminary analysis was performed in the Forward Area on
all fireball records. Reports on fireball yield calculations were issued in
the field on all but the last shot, Fig.
Alpha Measurements. On Hardtack TU-5 was scheduled to perform

reaction history measurements on all Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory ex-

periments. These measurements included alpha vs time throughout the required portion of measurable history, boost measurements, and peak level
123

Select target paragraph3