Ridge in a painstaking analysis of measurements made during and after the Japanese blasts. interviews with the bombardiers, und a test explosion ta the Nevada desert, Some of his work was clussified because i described in detail the makeup and radioactive output of the Lith: Boy (Hiroshima) and Pat) Man (Nagasaki) bombs. Auxier’s methods of computing the doses. which underlte 15 a Technology Transfer Reappraised Transter of technology from industriahzed countries to des eloping countries emerged in the 1970's as a highly churged issue in the so-called NorthSouth dialogue. Less-developed countries protested that control of technology by the industrialized North keeps them in a state of technological dependence. A report” just issued by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Parts questions major ussumpttons on which the technology transfer debate has been conducted. [t argues that technology transter has been mutually beneficial for ndustralized and for developing countries. of at least Some of them. The report notes that technology transfer has helped a eroup of “industriwizine’*’ developing Countries to participale, on suonger terms, in the world trading system. These incfude Brazil, Mexico. South Korea, Pumin, Hone Kong. and Singapore. The report's main challenge to the notion of technological dependence ts Ils assertion that “technological monupolies are temporary.” that change ts propelled by a “technolugy cycle.” New technology introduced in one country ts ransferred under tight control first to other developed countries and then to less-developed countries. As leensing and sale of the technviopy spreads. it becomes standardized. Proof that this process is working Is seen in the rise in iaiports by industria countnes of manufactured goods from developing countries. Moreover, some industrializing countries ure themselves exporting technology. Mostly in the form of turnkey plants und equipment. Feedback from technology transfer also affects industria countries, he impact hus been myst conspicuous tn the decline of traditional industries, notubly clothing, footwear, and light manufacturing, that have faced oflShore competition. Luss of jobs has created a protectionist backlash that includes criticism of technology transfer. But, says the report. technology transfer has benefited the United States and other OECD countries by Creating export markets tor their cupttal-goods industries during @ period of slow growth, By focusing on the industrializing countries. the report ulfers a selective view of the problems facing developing countries. 11 dous note in passing that for the poorest countries, the cost of imported oil, rade deficits, and foreign debt make the outlook bleak. Even for the industriaizing countries. the burden of energy costs, deficits. and debt have “led to pessimism regurding future financing of development.” The report was prepared by the statf of OECD. which is essentially a club of governments of Western industrial nations plus Japan. OECDserves as a data gathering and intergovernmental policy-plaunning orwantzation. 1 ts, therefore, not surprising that the report assesses technology transter manly from the sellers’ point of view. In broad terms, what the repurt’s authors say is occurring ts a miygor restructuring of the international industri system: Por the industrial countries an “adaptive strategy” is counseled. With a Gwo-wasy rude ia industrial products nuw established. the North can retin tis comparative advantage only by keeping Its “innovatory cupacity’” at a bieh fevel. Pressure to transfer R & D activities to developing countries will build as their scientific infrastructures strenethen. The report borrows thom bowis Carroll Co observe that tadustrial countries mist Cheep cimdun: to stay in the sume place. —JOUN Wats "Nord Sauth Pecdinatows dicasters. Uh Cooperation and Development. Pars. [Ysi mt Aciedeats Afteaid S12. Onuuaidden doa VORA, ROT NPS NC ea ta ' Lacie vA years of research oa health effects in Japan, were never described in detiul. In 1977. however, the government published a quasetechnical narrative by Auvier (le/iban. Energy Research and Deselopment Administration. TID 27080) giving some additional intormuon on Auxier’s methods. As questions about these figures arose in the late 1970's. the National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP) asked AuMter Co justify his estumates with more supporting information. After working on this project for several months, Auxier explained that he could nut reproduce all the data because some had been lost. He explained to Screwee that when Ouk Ridge was reorguntzed in 1972. he wus moved from one place to another, und his old classifed files Were left behind in his luburatory. AuSXier says that the records division at Ouk Ridge made a mistake in shipping the Ales: the valuable dala were sent to the shredder, The NCRP continuedto ask for contirmation of the T6SD numbers becuuse they had become important in the debate on the hagurds of radiation and because new dala were beconung available. In 1976, the Los Alamos Scientitic Labora- ed serenaaAAAAeeaSACAE, tory in New Mexico. a weapons design center. released an estimate of the radivacuive output of the Hiroshi bomb for the first time. The frutes were not published. but given in a private letter to ©. P. Knowles of Research and DevelopMent Associates, who was trying to help the Defense Nuclear Agency pin down the precise explosive power of the Fat Man bomb. This ts one of the hey uncerunties in the record: some sav the blast equaled the power of 12.5 kilotons of TNT. and others say ilotniy have been as potent as 15 kilotons. Several people in the weapons und bluphysics community svon obtained copies of the letter, including Kerr at Oak Ridee and Kaul at Serence Applications. Using the new data and computer lechoiques not available when Auxter did his research, Kaul and Kerr in separale projects came up with numbers that were at odds with the T6SD results. Kerr's luboratory ts the best equipped and best funded for thes expensive computer work, Kaul says. and for that rea son it has been given the primary responsibility for reviewing the old numbers. Kert’s tisk Is comphcuted by the tact that he is in id sense \uAler Ss successor ul Quk Ridge and works just down the hall Trom this senior oificial whose work he lias been asked fo review. Auxier, meanwhile. says Chat his data are the best available. not likely to be chaaved much by the work oF litter-day SEPP NEE ye ABA tos Uh