6 per year to an individual. It was recommended to the people that land and coconut crabs not be consumed because of their selective absorption of strontium-90 and cesium-137. It is accepted that the radioisotopes of iodine I-131, I-132, I-133, and I-135 contributed to the total dose to the thyroid gland, resulting in the development of nodules in the thyroid gland in 19 of 82 exposed people on Rongelap, with the preponderance in individuals who were less than 10 years of age at the time of exposure. The first thyroid abnormality was discovered nine years after exposure. Subsequent surgical exploration was carried out in Guam, Hawaii, and the United States on 18 of the victims, revealing three to have cancer of the thyroid gland. In addition, two boys were found to have developed total atrophy of the gland resulting in hypothyroidism. In an effort to prevent the development of thyroid nodules, the exposed people were administered thyroxine on a continuing basis. In my opinion, the surgical and medical treatment of the thyroid abnormalities afforded was comparable to the best available in the United States. The long term or delayed effects of radiation are in the main the result of the radioactive isotopes strontium-90 and cesium-137. These two isotopes were plentiful in the fission products and have relatively long half-lives. Body burdens for cesium-137 and strontium-90 by radiochemical assay of the exposed Rongelapese in 1969 indicated no increase since similar evaluations in 1965. In addition, there was no significant difference in the body burdens of the exposed and unexposed persons living on Rongelap, indicating an equilibrium had been reached. It is difficult if not impossible to predict the ultimate result of this increased body burden of potentially Carcinogenic substances. It is generally considered that the biological hazard from cesium-137 is not as great as strontium90, a beta emitter that is selectively deposited in bone. There are animal experiments which indicate that strontium-90 in sufficient quantities may produce bone cancer and possibly leukemia. Pathological effects of cesium-137 in the muscle mass of the body are not definitely known at the present time. At this examination, a nodular thyroid gland was detected in a Rongelapese girl who was 12 years of age at exposure and the first nodular thyroid in a woman exposed on Ailingnae when she was less than 10 years of age. Unfortunately, the first case of acute myelogenous leukemia among the exposed 202