including cancer, disturbances in vision probably due to cataracts, and c?eforn,itiesof birth a~e a part of the raciiaticn injury, and that the continuing injury is in large part d~e to food-chain entry by long-lived radioactive elements. I strongly suspect that the leukemias were radiaticn induced. There are other areas about which I wonder and about which I a,m suspicious, but as yet have formed no firm opinion. I am told by the islanders that diabetes has become very corr.mon. When I spoke to the old people who remerrber the wey the islands were before the nuclear testing, they all routinely deny that diabetes was a great problem for the inhabitants. Now as I speak to the Marshallese, I think that they have more diabetes than the Navajo Indians, and I had always thought the highest incidence was amor,g the h’avajos. Although diabetes is exceedingly cor.mon &nong the Marshallese, I know of no direct radiation effect that causes diabetes. On the other hand, I do not know all that is to be kncwn about feed chain radiation injury and neither does anybody else. Our particular human experiences on radiation have been either with therapeutic radiation or the exterior type of radiation at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Knowledge about food-chain radiation is scant and I am unable to say whether the diabetes is related to the radiation or not. ., -.. ........ . .. .... .. .“ . ... :. ,-. . .. . . .. .. There are some sexu~l probler,s anong the males of the island, or among the fe,males. A number of men from one atoll had told me that they develcped a failure of sexual interest after the explosions, this ~ersisting, and in several cases their families did not ex~a.nd after the bomb blasts. This’ also is likely radiation induced but I cannot say whether this is food-chain or whether this is perhaps external radiation coming from the soil, since the testicles are in an exposed posi.t’ion,particularly in people who so com.ncnly sit on the ground or squat as do the people of the :flarshallIslands. Immediate effects of the radiation occurred in some individuals who spoke to me, these changes consisting of hair loss, and burns of the skin. The burns of the skin occurred in those islanders in which there was a dusty, powdery fallout after the explosion called Bravo, which was effected by metereologic or inadvertence. There were . / /yISCA;-;Lfi7/ed -6-