1. INTRODUCTION Rongelap Atoll was contaminated with radioactive fallout in 1954 as a result of the Bravo thermonuclear test-shot at Bikini, 130 miles away. In 1978, to inform the people of the Northern Marshall Islands of the extent of residual contamination 24 years later, and of its potential effects upon their health, DOE (Department of Energy) surveyed the region and subsequently issued a specially prepared book report in Marshallese. The book was entitled, The Meaning of Radiation for Those Atolls in the Northern Part of the Marshall Islands that were Surveyed in 1978, and was published in 1982. (We shall refer to it as DOE-1982.) The first part dealt in general with radiation and fallout, and how they might affect plants, animals and man. The situation at Rongelap was dealt with specifically on pages 38 - 39. (Note 1) DOE's assessment of Rongelap Island was not accepted by the Rongelap people, so much so that in 1985 the residents abandoned their homes and moved to Majieto in Kwajalein Atoll. The U. S. Congress, therefore, provided for an independent assessment of DOE's conclusions for Rongelap Island in the Compact of Free Association Act of 1985 (U.S. Public Law 99-239, section 103(i); see Note 2). The functions of the present report are therefore as follows: “(The referee shall] review the data collected by the Department of Energy relating to the radiation levels and other conditions on Rongelap Island resulting from the thermonuclear test...The purpose...shall be to establish whether the data cited in support of the conclusions as to habitability of Rongelap Island as set forth in the [book] ...are adequate and whether such conclusions are supported by the data....If...the data are inadequate to support...habitabilty...the government of the Marshall islands shall contract...[for]...a complete survey...[and for recommendations of)...the steps needed to restore habitability..." It should be noted that the law is quite specific in referring to Rongelap Island, not Atoll, and accordingly this Report concentrates on that Island, the chief residence of the Rongelap people. However, data and comments on other islands of the Atoll are included.