33 cates someof the changes characteristic of these benign nodules. In one case (No. 33), in addition to adenomatoid nodules there also was present a Hurthle’s cell adenoma. In another case (No. 61), one pathologist remarked that “some observers might regard the large nodule as follicular adenoma.” In subject No. 59, a 46-year-old woman whohadreceived less than half the radiation dose of the other cases with nodules, there was a‘solitary adenomatous nodule, well circumscribed, and the surrounding thyroid tissue was normal in appearance. This was in contrast to the other cases in whom theglands were almost entirely abnormal in appearance. A 41-year-old woman (No. 64) had a mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid with localized metastasis to a blood vessel and lymph node (Figure 26). Following complete thyroidectomy by surgery and therapeutic ‘*'T no recurrence or further metastasis has been noted. In September 1966, at Tripler General Hospital, Hawaii, thyroid uptakestudies following TSH stimulation (10 units daily for 2 days), thyroid scans, and skeletal surveys for metastasis showed absenceof the thyroid and no detectable metastasis.* Thyroid Function Tests Related to Thyroid Abnormalities and Growth Retardation In Table 20 the cases with thyroid abnormalities are listed along with the growthstatusof children andresults of thyroid function tests. The re- Figure 24. Benign thyroid nodules at surgery. Top: exposed thyroid with arrows pointing to nodules. Bottom: sectioned gland from another case. Note multinodular, cystic, and hemorriagic nature of gland. Microscopic Appearance. The microscopic ap- pearanceofall the benign nodularglands in the children was characteristic of adenomatous goiter and varied mainlyin the degree of change. The architecture of the gland was disrupted by the nodules of widely varying sizes. Some of the nodules contained microfollicular elements with and without colloid, others were atrophic, some con- tained large cysts with colloid, some with hemorrhage, andstill others showed extensive proliferation of the epithelial layers with marked infolding, giving an “arboreal” appearance. Figure 25 indi- 3008314 sults of kinetic analysis of '*7I] tests are given in Table 21. Two 12-year-old boys (No. 5 and No. 3) who had been exposed at 15 and 18 monthsof age respectively have had the greatest retardation of growth and development. Subject No. 3 had shown no change in bone maturationsince 1961 and until recently had the boneage of a 3-year old child.-Fhe bone age of No. 5 has shown continuing slow growth and in 1965 was 3% years. Both these boys in 1965 had the height of normal 7-year old Marshallese boys. Their dwarfism,was particularly evident in comparison with younger siblings whoweretaller than they. In 1965 it was found that in both cases the levels of proteinboundiodine had dropped below 2 ug%. Before that time, they had levels considered to be in the normal range, and there was no reason to relate their dwarfism to hypothyroidism. With the developmentof the low PBIs they showed definite *Weare grateful to Major Ronald Moore, MC, USA, for carrving out these examinations.