HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PART IT The U.S. nuclear weapons testing program conducted from 1946 to 1958 in the Pacific left long-term radiological contamination and health problems. Bikini and Enewetak Atolls, where the testing was conducted, were the most severely affected, but fallout from these tests has touched many islands in the Northern Marshalls. Of special concern was the heavy fallout from the March 1954 test which caused radiological injury to many of the people of Rongelap and resulted in at least one death for radiation related disease. The Department of the Interior (DOI), Department of Defense (DOD), and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), later the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), and now the Department of Energy (DOE), cooperated in the steps taken to date to perform radiological surveys and assessments (1967-1968) and to perform cleanup and rehabilitation of Bikini (1969 to present) and in the radiological survey and assessment of Enewetak Atoll (1972-74). This Enewetak survey utilized the most up-to-date and modern techniques, including the aerial survey of islands utilizing sensitive radiation monitoring equipment carried in helicopters. The DOD began the Enewetak cleanup in FY 1977, with the DOI rehabilitation program initiated during cleanup to take advantage of logistics and communications capabilities attendant to cleanup operations. The DOE has performed followup radiological surveys at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls. It also conducts medical observation of the exposed populations of Rongelap and Utirik Atolls at frequent intervals. The Department of the Interior (DOI), Office of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), is responsible for rehabilitation of the former test sites, Bikini and Enewetak. Phase I of the Bikini program included planting of coconut trees and building 40 homes and other community buildings on Bikini Island. The houses were built along the lagoon shore where the radiation levels were the lowest. In responding to a request from TIPI for