104 EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ness should be observed and bland, watersoluble lotions may be applied. Infections should be treated with antibiotics as may be indicated. A similar situation pertains with regard to the internal radiation hazard. Certain chelating agents and chemical compounds such as EDT.A* and zirconiumcitrate have shown considerable promise in animals both in preventing deposition of certain of the fission products in the bones and in accelerating their removal following deposition. The earlier these compounds are given following exposure, the more effective they are. However, as indicated above, it is doubtful that the need for such agents in the acute period following an attack would be great. The following additional suggestions regarding the care of bomb casualties are submitted for consideration. Although civil defense organizations in general have made great strides, it is apparent that even with a well-integrated plan some degree of chaos will be present and early aid to many victims will not be forthcoming. Hence, the importance of self-aid and mutual-aid in effecting survival must be stressed. Doctors and medical facilities of any kind will be in critical short supply ; thus, training of lay individuals in more definitive treatment, rather than only first aid, deserves careful consideration. Since accurate prediction of where a bomb will fall is impossible, central civil defense organization in critical target areas should be augmented by a “cellular” plan, a plan of geographical units within the area that are essentially self-sufficient in terms of supplies and communications, and which can render aid to other cells damaged by the bomb. Thinking in terms of damage within a target area adequately handled by the facilities of the region must be replaced with consideration of possible complete immobilization of facilities, with resultant dependence on adjacent nonatfected regions foraid. *di Na salt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid. ma * Neue 08 | u O 6.8 Potential Long Term Effects THE Lona Term effects of radiation on man have been the subject of an exhaustive survey by panels convened by the National Academy of Sciences (26, 27). Accordingly there is no need to review the subject in detail. The effects are dose dependent. The quantitative relationship of dose to effect in man is not well known. The following qualitative long term effects have been observed in animals: 1) Shortening of life span 2) Increased incidence of mutations 3) Increased incidence of leukemia and other benign and malignant tumors 4) Cataracts 5) Cardiovascular renal diseases 6) Sterility or lowered fertility 7) Impaired growth rate In some of the survivors from the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki the following have been definitely observed: 1) Cataracts 2) Leukemia 3) Impaired growth patterns in somechildren Intensive study of the exposed population at Hiroshima and Nagasaki is a continuing activity of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission as is the study of the Marshallese who were exposed to fallout. In the absence of quantitative dose response data for man, it is impossible to prognosticate, with certainty, what, if anything, will develop in the exposed Marshallese. Al] of the phenomena enumerated above that have been observed in animals are being searched for by the medical team, that has undertaken the continuing care and study of the Marshallese on behalf of the Atomic Energy Commission. Annual studies are being performed and will be reported upon at regular intervals. 6.9 Summary and Conclusions ALTHOUGH THE Frinprincs in human beings exposed to fallout radiations in the spring, 1954 Pacific field tests cannot be carried over exactly